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<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->box|english_link=Floating Plant Pond|french_link=Bassins_à_Macrophytes|spanish_link=Estanque_de_Plantas_Flotantes_(Macrófitas)|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}

sys2=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys5=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|

Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=|english_link=Floating_Plant_(Macrophyte)_Pond|french_link=Bassins_à_Macrophytes|spanish_link=Estanque_de_Plantas_Flotantes_(Macrófitas)

|[[Image:Floating_plant_macrophyte_pond.png |right|300px500px]]

<br>Water hyacinths are perennial, freshwater, aquatic macrophytes that grow especially fast in wastewater. The plants can grow large: between 0.5 to 1.2m 2 m from top to bottom. The long roots provide a fixed medium for bacteria which in turn degrade the organics in the water passing by.

Duckweed is a fast growing, high protein plant that can be used fresh or dried as a food for fish or poultry. It is also tolerant of a variety of conditions and can significantly remove significant quantities of nutrients from wastewater. To provide extra oxygen to a floating plant technology, the water can be mechanically aerated but at the cost of increased power and machinery. Aerated ponds can withstand higher loads and can be built with smaller footprints. Non-aerated ponds should not be too deep otherwise there will be insufficient contact between the bacteria-harbouring roots and the wastewater.

- Water hyacinth grows rapidly and is attractive. <br> - High reduction of BOD Potential for local job creation and solids; low reduction of pathogens. income generation <br> - Low to moderate Relatively low capital costcosts; operating cost costs can be offset by revenue. <br> - Potential for local job creation High reduction of BOD and income generation. solids; low reduction of pathogens <br> - Can be built and maintained with locally available materials. | con=- Can Requires a large land (pond) area <br>- Some plants can become an invasive species if released into natural environments. <br> - Requires large land (pond) area.

==Adequacy== The technology can achieve high removal rates of both BOD and suspended solids, although pathogen removal is not substantial. Harvested hyacinths can be used as a source of fibre for rope, textiles, baskets, etc. Depending on the income generated, the technology can be cost neutral. Duckweed can be used as the sole food source to for some herbivorous fish. This technology is only appropriate for warm or tropical climates with no freezing temperatures, and preferably with high rainfall and minimal evaporation. Different, locally appropriate plants can be selected depending on availability and the wastewater type. Trained staff is required for the constant operation and maintenance of the pond. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance== Water hyacinth has attractive, lavender flowers. A well designed and maintained system can add value and interest to otherwise barren land. Adequate signage and fencing should be used to prevent people and animals from coming in contact with the water. ==Maintenance== Floating plants require constant harvesting. The harvested biomass can be used for small artisanal businesses, or it can be composted. Mosquito problems can develop when the plants are not harvested regularly. Depending on the amount of solids entering, the pond must be desludged periodically.

==References=Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Water hyacinth has attractive, lavender flowers. A well designed and maintained system can add value and interest to otherwise barren land. Adequate signage and fencing should be used to prevent people and animals from coming in contact with the water. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing. WHO guidelines on wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture should be consulted for detailed information and specific guidance.

* Abbasi, SA===Operation & Maintenance=== Floating plants require constant harvesting. (1987). Aquatic plant based water treatment systems in Asia. pp 175–198The harvested biomass can be used for small artisanal businesses, In: [http://publichealth.sdsuor it can be composted.edu/publications/gersberg722Mosquito problems can develop when the plants are not regularly harvested.pdf Aquatic Plants for Water Treatment and Resource Recovery]Depending on the amount of solids that enter the pond, Kit must be periodically de-sludged.R. Reddy Trained staff is required to constantly operate and W.H. Smith (eds.), Magnolia Publishing Inc., Orlando, Floridamaintain it.

* Crites, R. and Tchobanoglous, G. (1998). [http://books.google.com/books/about/Small_and_decentralized_wastewater_manag.html?id=yx9SAAAAMAAJ Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems]. WCB and /McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, US. pp 609–627. 609-627. (Book. Comprehensive summary chapter including solved problems.)

* GerbaIqbal, CP., et alS. (19951999). Water[https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-Quality Study of Graywater publications/library/details/3063 Duckweed Aquaculture. Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Combined Wastewater Treatment Systemsand Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries]. Water Resources Bulletin 31Eawag (1Department Sandec): 109–116, Dübendorf, CH.

* IqbalMcDonald, SR. (1999)D. [http://wwwand Wolverton, B.eawagC.ch/forschung/sandec/publikationen/wra/dl/duckweed(1980).pdf Duckweed Aquaculture-Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Combined Comparative Study of Wastewater Treatment Lagoon with and Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries]without Water Hyacinth. Sandec, Dübendorf, SwitzerlandEconomic Botany 34 (2): 101-110.

* McDonaldReddy, RDK. R. and WolvertonSmith, BCW. H. (Eds. ) (19801987). [http://ntrsAquatic Plants for Water Treatment and Resource Recovery.nasaMagnolia Publishing Inc.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa, Orlando, FL, US.gov/19860066307_1986066307.pdf Comparative study of wastewater lagoon with and without water hyacinth]. Economic Botany: 34 (2Book): 101–110.

* PolprasertSkillicorn, CP., Spira, W.and Journey, et alW. (20011993). Wastewater Treatment II[https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/952561468739283096/duckweed-aquaculture-a-new-aquatic-farming-system-for-developing-countries Duckweed Aquaculture. A New Aquatic Farming System for Developing Countries]. The World Bank, Washington, Natural Systems for Wastewater ManagementD.C. IHE, DelftUS. (Comprehensive Design Manual: see Chapter 4 – Water Hyacinth Ponds.manual)

* Rose, GDU.S. EPA (19991988). [httphttps://wwwnepis.pseauepa.orggov/outilsExe/ouvragesZyNET.exe/crdi_community_based_technologies_for_domestic_wastewater_treatment_and_reuse_options_for_urban_agriculture_199930004626.pdf CommunityTXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1986+Thru+1990&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C86thru90%5CTxt%5C00000002%5C30004626.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-Based Technologies &MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL Design Manual. Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Systems for Domestic Wastewater Municipal Water Treatment and Reuse: options for urban agriculture]. [http:EPA/625/1-88/idrinfo022.idrcU.ca IDRCS. Environmental Protection Agency, Ottawa]Cincinnati, OH, US.

* Skillicorn, W., Journey, K. and Spira, P. WHO (19932006). [httphttps://infohousewww.p2ricwho.orgint/water_sanitation_health/publications/refgsuweg3/09en/08875Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater.htm Duckweed aquacultureVolume 3: A new aquatic farming system for developing countriesWastewater and Excreta Use in Aquaculture]. World BankHealth Organization, WashingtonGeneva, DC. Comprehensive manualCH.

* US Environmental Protection Agency (1988). [http://waterwww.epawho.govint/typewater_sanitation_health/wetlandspublications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/uploaden/design.pdf Design ManualWHO: Constructed Wetlands Guidelines on sanitation and Aquatic Plant Systems for Municipal Wastewater Treatmenthealth - 2018]. USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio.

===Acknowledgements===