ManShared=X|
ManPublic=|
Input1=Excreta|Input2=Faeces |Input3=Compost/EcoHumus Organics | Input4= Anal Cleansing Water |Input5=Dry Cleansing Materials|Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
|english_link=Fill_and_Cover_-_Arborloo
|french_link=Arborloo
[[Image:Icon_fill_and_cover_arborloo.png |right|80px]]
'''When a pit is full, it can simply be filled with soil and covered. Although there is no benefit recovered, the full pit poses no immediate health risk, and with time, the contents will degrade naturally. Alternatively, the ‘Arborloo’ is a shallow pit that is filled with excreta and soil/ash and then covered with soil; a tree planted on top will grow vigorously in the nutrient-rich pit.'''
When '''To decommission a single pit or a single VIP is full, and it can not simply be emptiedfilled with soil and covered. Although there is no benefit, Fill the full pit poses no immediate health risk and Coverthe contents will degrade naturally over time. Alternatively, i.e. filling the remainder of the Arborloo is a shallow pit that is filled with excreta and covering it is an option, albeit one soil/ash and then covered with limited benefits to soil; a tree planted on top of the environment or the usernutrient-rich pit will grow vigorously.'''
In When a Single Pit (S.2) or a Single VIP (S.3) is full and cannot be emptied, “fill and cover”, i.e., filling the remainder of the pit and covering it is an option, albeit one with limited benefits to the environment and the user. The Arborloo, is a shallow pit on which a tree can be planted after it is planted on top of the full pit , while the superstructure, ring beam and slab are continuously moved from pit to a new pit in an endless cycle (usually moved once every 6 to12 months). A shallow pit is needed, about 1m deep. The pit should not be lined as the lining would prevent the tree or plant from growing properly. Before the pit Arborloo is used, a layer of leaves is put into on the bottomof the empty pit. After each defecation, a A cup of soil, ash or a mixture of the two should be dumped into the pit to cover the excretaafter each defecation. If they are available, leaves can also occasionally be added occasionally to improve the porosity and air content of the pile. When the pit is full(usually every 6 to 12 months), the top 15cm of the pit 15 cm is filled with soil and a tree is planted in the soil. Banana, papaya and guava trees (among many) have all proven to be successful. A tree should not be planted directly in the raw excreta. The tree starts to grow in the soil and its roots penetrate the composting pits as it grows. It may be best to wait for the rainy season before planting if water is scarce. Other plants such as tomatoes and pumpkins can also be planted on top of the pit if trees are not available.
===Design Considerations===
An Arborloo is only an option if the site is suitable for a tree to grow. Therefore, when selecting the pit location, users should already take the space and site conditions required for a new tree into account (e.g., distance to houses). A shallow pit, about 1 m deep, is needed for an Arborloo. It should not be lined as any lining would prevent the tree or plant from properly growing. A tree should not be planted, however, directly in the raw excreta. It should be planted in the soil on top of the pit, allowing its roots to penetrate the pit contents as it grows. It may be best to wait for the rainy season before planting it if water is scarce.
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="none"
! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages
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| valign="top" |- Simple technique Technique simple to apply for all users. <br>- Low cost. costs <br>- Low risk of pathogen transmission. <br>- May encourage income generation (tree planting and fruit production).<br>| valign="top" |- New pit must be dug; the old pit cannot be re- Labour intensive.used <br>- Covering a pit or planting a tree does not eliminate the risk of groundwater contamination
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===Appropriateness===
Filling and covering a pit is an adequate solution when emptying is not possible and when there is space to continuously dig new pits.
The Arborloo can be applied in rural, peri-urban, and even denser areas if enough space is available. Planting a tree in the abandoned pit is a good way to reforest an area, provide a sustainable source of fresh fruit and prevent people from falling into old pit sites. Other plants such as tomatoes and pumpkins can also be planted on top of the pit if trees are not available. Depending on the local conditions, however, the content of a covered pit or Arborloo could contaminate groundwater resources until it is entirely decomposed.
===AdequacyHealth Aspects/Acceptance===There is minimal risk of infection if the pit is properly covered and clearly marked. It may be preferable to cover the pit and to plant a tree rather than emptying it, especially if there is no appropriate technology available to remove and treat the faecal sludge. Users do not come in contact with the faecal material and, thus, there is a very low risk of pathogen transmission. Arborloo demonstration projects that allow for the participation of community members are useful ways to display the ease of the system, its inoffensive nature,and the nutrient value of human excreta.
Filling ===Operation & Maintenance=== A cup of soil and covering pits is an adequate solution when emptying is not possible and when there is space /or ash should be added to continuously re-dig the pit after each defecation and fill pitsleaves should be periodically added. The Arborloo can Also, the contentsof the pit should be applied periodically levelled to prevent a cone shape from forming in rural, peri-urban, and denser areas if space the middle. There is available. Planting little maintenance associated with a closed pit other than taking care of the tree or plant. Trees planted in the abandoned pit is a good way to reforest an area, provide a sustainable source pits should be regularly watered. A small fence of fresh fruit sticks and prevent people sacks should be constructed around the sapling to protect it from falling into old pit sitesanimals.
===Health Aspects/AcceptanceReferences===
There is a minimal risk of infection if the pit is properly covered and clearly marked*Hebert, P. It may be preferable to cover the pit and plant a tree rather than have the pit emptied, especially if there is no appropriate technology available for treating the faecal sludge(2010). Users do not come Rapid Assessment of CRS Experience with Arborloos in contact with the faecal material and thus there is a very low risk of pathogen transmissionEast Africa. Demonstration projects that allow community members to participate are useful ways of showing both the ease of the systemCatholic Relief Service (CRS), it’s inoffensive natureBaltimore, and the nutrient value of composted excretaUS.:Available at: [http://www.susana.org/library susana.org/library]
===Maintenance=== A cup of soil and/or ash should be added to the pit after each defecation and leaves should be added periodically* Morgan, P. R. (2004). Also, the contents of the pit should be periodically levelled An Ecological Approach to prevent a coneshape from forming Sanitation in the middle of the pitAfrica. There is little maintenance associated with a closed pit other than taking care A Compilation of the tree or plantExperiences. If a tree is planted in the abandoned pitAquamor, Harare, it should be watered regularlyZW. A small-fence should be constructed with sticks and sacks around the sapling to protect it from animalsChapter 10: The Usefulness of Urine. ===References===:Available at: www.ecosanres.org
* Morgan, P. R. (2007). [http://wwwToilets That Make Compost.ecosanres.org/toilets_that_make_compost.htm Low-Cost, Sanitary Toilets that make compost]That Produce Valuable Compost for Crops in an African Context. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, SwedenSE. pp 81–90. 81-90.:Available at: www.ecosanres.org
* Morgan, P. R. (20042009). Ecological Toilets. Start Simple and Upgrade from Arborloo to VIP. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, SE.:Available at: [http://www.susanaecosanres.org ecosanres.org/lang-en/library?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=456 An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa: A Compilation of Experiences]. Aquamor, Harare, Zimbabwe. Chapter 10 – The usefulness of urine.
* NWP (2006). [http://www.nwp.nl/_docs/publicaties/Smart_Sanitation_Solutions_EN_2006.pdf Smart Sanitation Solutions. Examples of innovativeInnovative, lowLow-cost technologies Cost Technologies for toiletsToilets, collectionCollection, transportationTransportation, treatment Treatment and use Use of sanitation productsSanitation Products.] Netherlands Water Partnership, The NetherlandsHague, NL. p. pp 51.:Available at: [http://www.ircwash.org ircwash.org]
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}
