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sys1=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits|2]] |
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pic=Double_ventilated_improved_pit.png|
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Input1=Excreta|Input2=Faeces |Input3=Anal cleansing waterCleansing Water| Input4= Dry Cleansing Materials |Input5=|Output1=Compost - EcoHumusPit Humus| Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
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<br>[[Image:Icon_double_ventilated_improved_pit.png |right|80px]]'''The Double VIP (S.4) has almost the same design as the [[Single Ventilated Improved Pit|Single VIP]] (S.3) with the added advantage of a second pit that allows the technology to be used continuously and allows for safer and easier emptying.'''
By using two pits, one pit can be used while the contents of the second pit rests, drains, reduces in volume, and degrades. When the second pit is almost full (the excreta is 50cm from the top of the pit), it is covered, and the contents of the first pit are removed. Due to the extended resting time (at least 1 year of filling/resting) the material within the pit should be sanitized and humus-like. The Double VIP is similar to the [[Fossa Alterna]] technology with the exception that the Fossa Alterna is specifically designed to produce humus and as such, it requires regular additions of soil, ash and/or leaves.
'''Design Considerations:''' The superstructure may either extend over both holes or it may be designed to move from one pit to the other. In either case, the pit that is not being filled should be fully covered and sealed to prevent water, garbage and animals (and/, or people) from falling into the pit. The ventilation of the two pits can be accomplished using one ventilation pipe moved back and forth between the pits , or each pit can be equipped with its own dedicated pipe. The two pits in the Double double VIP are continually used and should be well lined and supported to ensure longevity.
<br>{{procontable | pro=- Longer life than Single VIP (indefinite if maintained). <br> - Excavation of humus is easier than faecal sludge. <br> - Significant reduction in pathogens <br> - Potential for use of stored faecal material as soil conditioner. <br> - Flies and odours are significantly reduced (compared to non-ventilated pits). <br> - Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br> - Does not require a constant source of water. <br> - Suitable for all types of user (sitters, squatters, washers and wipers). <br> - Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br> - Can be used immediately after construction. <br> - Small land area required. | con= - Low/moderate reduction in pathogens. Manual removal of humus is required<br> - Possible contamination of groundwater<br> - Higher capital cost than Single VIP; reduced operating costs if self-emptied.
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===Appropriateness===
The Double VIP is more appropriate than the [[Single Ventilated Improved Pit|Single VIP]] for denser, peri-urban areas. After the resting time, the soil-like material is manually emptied (it is dug out, not pumped out), so vacuum truck access to the pits is not necessary. The double VIP technology will only work properly if the two pits are used sequentially and not concurrently. Therefore, an adequate cover for the out of service pit is required. Double VIPs are especially appropriate when water is scarce and where there is a low groundwater table. They should be located in an area with a good breeze to allow for proper ventilation. They are not suited for rocky or compacted soils (that are difficult to dig) or for areas that flood frequently.
==Adequacy== The Double VIP is more appropriate than the [[Single Ventilated Improved Pit|Single VIP]] for denser, peri-urban areas. The material is manually emptied (it is dug out, not pumped out), so vacuum truck access to the pits is not necessary. The users can remove the pit material after a sufficient resting time of one or more years even though the treatment processes in the pit are not complete and the material is not entirely hygienic. The Double VIP technology will only work properly if the two pits are used sequentially and not concurrently. Therefore, an adequate cover for the out of service pit is required. Double VIPs are especially appropriate when water is scarce and where there is a low groundwater table. They should be located in an area with a good breeze. They are not suited for rocky or compacted soils (that are difficult to dig) or for areas that flood frequently. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance== =
The Double VIP can be a very clean, comfortable and well accepted sanitation option, in some cases even more so than a water-based technology. However some health concerns exist:
* Health risks from flies are not completely removed by ventilation.
===Operation & Maintenance===
To keep the Double VIP free of flies and odours, regular cleaning and maintenance is required. Dead flies, spider webs, dust and other debris should be removed from the ventilation screen to ensure a good flow of air. The out of service pit should be well sealed to reduce water infiltration and a proper alternating schedule must be maintained.
==Maintenance=Field experiences===<br>{|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 40%; text-align: justify; background-color: #e9f5fd;" cellpadding="2"<!--rsr logo here-->|- style="vertical-align: top"|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.org/products/rsr/]]<!--project blocks here-->|- style="vertical-align: bottom"|[[Image:project 360.jpg |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/360/ RSR Project 360]<br>WASH Facilities at Kajiado Schools</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/360/ ]] To keep the Double VIP free of flies and odours, regular cleaning and maintenance is required|[[Image:project 474. Dead flies, spider webs, dust and other debris should be removed from the ventilation screen to ensure a good flow of airjpg |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr. The out of service pit should be well sealed to reduce water infiltration and a proper alternating schedule must be maintainedakvo.org/project/474/ RSR Project 474]<br>Health & Sanitation project</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/474/ ]] |}
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===References===
* ARGOSS (2001). [http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-1926-argoss-manual.pdf Guidelines for Assessing the Risk to Groundwater from on-Site Sanitation]. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, CR/01/142, Keyworth, UK.
* Mara DDGraham, J. P. and Polizzotto, M. L. (19842013). The Design of Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines (UNDP Interreg[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. Project INTgov/8123518813/047)Pit Latrines and Their Impacts on Groundwater Quality: A Systematic Review]. The World Bank+ UNDPEnvironmental Health Perspectives, Washington. (A good reference for detailed Double Pit VIP design informationNational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, US.)
* Mara, DDD. D. (19961984). Low-Cost Urban Sanitation[https://www.pseau. Wileyorg/outils/ouvrages/world_bank_the_design_of_ventilated_lmproved_pit_latrines_1984.pdf The Design of Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines]. UNDP Interregional Project INT/81/047, ChichesterThe World Bank and UNDP, UKWashington, D.C., US. (General description of VIPs with a focus on the ventilation system.A good reference for detailed double VIP design information) General Information:
* FranceysMara, RD., Pickford, J. and Reed, RD. (19921996). A guide to the development of onLow-site sanitationCost Urban Sanitation. WHOWiley, GenevaChichester, UK.(Book; General description of VIPs with a focus on the ventilation system)
* LewisMorgan, JWP., et alR. (19822009). The Risk of Groundwater Pollution by on[http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/EcologicalToilets-site Sanitation in Developing CountriesPeterMorgan-Mar2009. International Reference Centre for Waste Disposalpdf Ecological Toilets. Start Simple and Upgrade from Arborloo to VIP]. Stockholm Environment Institute, DübendorfStockholm, SwitzerlandSE. (Detailed study regarding the transport and die-off of microorganisms and implications for locating technologies.)
