[[Image:de-fluor icon.png|right|80px]]
[[Image:defluoridation unit.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Household defluoridation unit (HDU). <br>Photo: ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITYAddis Ababa University.]][[Image:defluoridator.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The EnDeCo Institutional Defluoridator. It can be made at any desired capacity, normally in the range >20 m3 for a raw water fluroide fluoride of 5 mg/L. Photo: [http://www.de-fluoride.net/defluoridation.html De-fluoride.net.]]]
[[Image:contact precipitation unit.jpg|thumb|right|200px| A Contact Precipitation Unit set up as a demonstration plant and run for a couple of years. Since, it has been operating as a simple Bone Char community plant. <br>Photo: [http://www.de-fluoride.net/defluoridation.html De-fluoride.net.]]]
===Construction, operations and maintenance===
[[Image: Nalgonda technique.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Nalgonda Technique diagram.<br> Photo: [http://www.de-fluoride.net/defluoridation.html De-fluoride.net.]]]
There are several methods which have been developed to reduce fluoride from contaminated water, such as adsorption, ion exchange, precipitation, electrodialysis and reverse osmosis. These methods have rarely been implemented in developing countries, except in some areas, due to insufficient removal efficiency, unaffordable costs, and complicated operation and maintenance (particularly for rural populations).
[[File:fluoride absorbers.jpg|thumb|none|500px|Materials that absorb fluoride. Chart:[http://www.de-fluoride.net/defluoridation.html De-fluoride.net.]]]
===Field experiences===
