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In contrast, [[Single_Ventilated_Improved_Pit|Ventilated Pit Latrines (VIP)]] in Ghana are approximately 10% more expensive in rural areas than in small towns (see figure 2). Ventilated Pit Latrines (VIPs) costs in Burkina Faso are much higher than the found costs in neighbouring Ghana as well as in Mozambique. Ventilated Pit Latrines (VIPs) consistently cost between US$ 300 and US$ 600 to construct in Burkina, compared with average costs of between US$ 100 and US$ 250 in the other two countries. The occasional VIP in Ghana and Mozambique is of a comparable cost to those in Burkina Faso, but the majority cost three to four times less. The proportionally higher slab latrine costs in Burkina Faso reinforce the findings that the construction of latrines is generally more expensive here than in Mozambique.

* Batchelor, C., Fonseca, C., and Smits, S., 2011. [http://www.irc.nl/page/66835 Life cycle costs of rainwater harvesting systems]. (Occasional paper series / IRC; 46). The Hague, The Netherlands: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre.