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Bucket hoists, Windlasses, and Mohtes

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{{stubLanguage-box|english_link= Bucket hoists, Windlasses, and Mohtes | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon | hindi_link= Coming soon | malayalam_link= Coming soon | tamil_link= Coming soon | korean_link= Coming soon | chinese_link=提桶装置、绞盘及自动倒水桶| indonesian_link= Coming soon | japanese_link= Coming soon }}[[Image:bucket hoist icon.png|right|80px]][[Image:bucket and windlass.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Fatima, Adija and Albertina collecting water from a protected well with a bucket and windlass. Photo: [http://www.wateraid.org/uk/what_we_do/where_we_work/mozambique/434.asp WaterAid / Jon Spaull.]]]__NOTOC__ <small-title />[[Image:mohte.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Self-emptying mohte with inclined tow path. Photo: FAO.]][[Image:windlass.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The mechanics of a windlass used in a bucket/rope system. Photo: [http://docs.watsan.net/Scanned_PDF_Files/Class_Code_2_Water/231-3483.pdf Safe Windlass, Shallow Well.] WHO.]]
[[Image:The bucket and hoist, windlass.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Fatima, Adija and Albertina collecting water from a protected well with a mohtes (charsa or charus) are all modifications of the simple [[Rope and bucket ]] system, to improve ease and windlass. Photo: [http://www.wateraid.org/uk/what_we_do/where_we_work/mozambique/434efficiency.asp WaterAid / Jon Spaull.]]]
There is a family of devices for pulling up a container of water on a rope. The simplest form for this is a [[Image:mohterope and bucket]], which in an improved form has a simple windlass, i.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Self-emptying mohte with inclined tow pathe. Photo: FAOa hand operated winch, to increase the leverage and hence the size of bucket that can be lifted.]]
To increase the lift it becomes necessary to introduce a rope to pull the container The output of water from the source such systems is generally too small for irrigation, (they tend to a level where it can be tipped into the conveyance channel. There is therefore a family of devices used mainly for pulling up a container of domestic or livestock water on a rope. The simplest form for this is a [[rope and bucket]]supply duties), which in an improved form has a simple windlassbut by powering the device with animals, i.e. a hand operated winchusually oxen, to increase the leverage and hence the size of bucket that sufficient water can be liftedto irrigate even through heads of 5-10m.
====The output of such systems is generally too small for irrigation, (they tend to be used mainly for domestic or livestock water supply duties), but by powering the device with animals, usually oxen, sufficient water two-bucket alternative====The rope and bucket lifter can also be lifted adapted to irrigate even through heads of 5-10minclude two buckets which are raised and lowered alternately. This encouraged In this case the evolution of the "self-emptying bucket", known pulling animal moves in India as a "mohte"circular path and with the help of central rotating lever, (Figs. 22 rope and pulley arrangement the buckets move up and 92)down. These commonly have Each bucket has a bucket made carrying capacity of leather or rubber, with up to 70 litres. The buckets have a hole in its hinged flap at the bottom , which is held closed by acts as a flap which is pulled tight by a second rope harnessed to the animalsvalve. The number in use today is still Guide rods are provided in the order well to control the movement of a million or more, so this device remains of considerable importance in some regionsthe buckets. Mohtes The buckets are discussed in more detail under Section 4automatically filled and emptied during operation.3 dealing with animal power as a prime moverThis device can lift about 230 litres /min from depths of up to 5 metres.
====Mohte====Soon came the evolution of the "self-emptying bucket", known in India as a "mohte". This commonly has a bucket made of leather, galvanized iron sheets, or rubber, and with a hole in its bottom which is held closed by a flap which is pulled tight by a second rope harnessed to the animals. The device consists of a bucket having a capacity of 180 -225 litres. The bucket is fixed on a stout iron ring with an iron framework at the top. It is attached to one end of a long strong rope. A pair of bullocks (castrated bulls) are hitched to the other end of the rope which provide the power to lift the bucket. The bullocks, while pulling up the full bucket, walk down an earthen ramp sloped at an angle of 5 -10 degrees, thereby obtaining some advantage of their weight in exerting the necessary force to lift the bucket. Two men are needed to operate onepair of bullocks. Two buckets at a time can also be operated with one extra pair of bullocks. It is suitable to lift water from deep wells. The depth may exceed even 30 metres. Two pairs of bullocks with three men discharge about 9000 litres of water per hour from a depth of 15 metres. ===Suitable conditions===The number of mohtes in use today is still in the order of a million or more, so this device remains of considerable importance in some regions.  {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|-! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages|-| valign="top" | - Simple technology which is inexpensive to build and maintain. <br>- Can be operated at depths of up to 100 m.<br>- Water Delivery from Animal Operated Rope and Bucket Water Lifter of over 200 l/min for double bucket system.| valign="top" | - Water Delivery from Human Operated Rope and Bucket Water Lifter is limited to 15 l/min. <br>- Animals need to be maintained all year even when irrigation is not necessary. <br>- Relatively low efficiency for traditional human and animal operated designs (10-40%) |}  ===Acknowledgements===
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ah810e/AH810E05.htm REVIEW OF PUMPS AND WATER LIFTING TECHNIQUES.] Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
* Water Lifting Devices, Booklet No. 262. Irrigation: IRS - 1. Inseda.org
* Jane Olley, [http://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/cd3wd/Practact/KnO-100410-human_animal_water_lifters.pdf Human and animal powered water lifting devices]. Practical Action. November 2008.
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