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__NOTOC__[[Image:Ceramic candle filterIcon boiling1.jpg|thumbpng|right|150px80px|Diagram of a ceramic candle filter]][[Image:filter in useboiling water.jpg|thumb|right|150px200px|Man using the ceramic candle filterBoiling water for purification. <br>Photo: [https://kopernik.info/ Kopernick]]]

Boiling is considered the world’s oldest, most common, and one of the most effective methods for treating water. If done properly, boiling kills or deactivates all bacteria, viruses, protozoa (including cysts) and helminths that cause diarrheal disease. Pathogens are killed when the temperature reaches 100 degrees Celsius. In high-lying areas, where the boiling temperature of water can be as low as 80 degrees Celcius, a longer boiling time is necessary to kill all pathogens.

Pathogens are killed when Organizations recommend boiling both for water treatment in developing countries and to provide safe drinking water in emergency situations throughout the temperature reaches 100 degrees Celsiusworld. In highAlthough boiling time recommendations vary significantly, from 0-lying areas20 minutes, where to make water safe for consumption the water simply must reach the boiling temperature point of 100°C. However, studies in developing countries have documented incomplete inactivation of bacteria in boiled water. This disparity between the laboratory and field results is attributed to users not heating the water to the boiling point and/or recontamination of boiled water in storage. To date, there have been no peer reviewed studies assessing the health impact associated with boiling water can be as low as 80 degrees Celcius, a longer although some case-control studies in cholera outbreaks have noted boiling time is necessary to kill all pathogensas being protective against cholera.

===Suitable conditions===Boiling is arguably the oldest and most commonly practiced household water treatment method, and it has been widely promoted for decades. Organizations recommend boiling both for water treatment applicable in developing countries and to provide safe drinking water in emergency situations throughout the world. Although boiling time recommendations vary significantlyarea with a good fuel supply, from 0-20 minutes, to make water safe for consumption the water simply must reach the a cultural tradition of boiling point of 100°C. However, studies in developing countries have documented incomplete inactivation of bacteria in boiled and where water. This disparity between the laboratory and field results is attributed to users not heating the water to the boiling point and/or recontamination of boiled water in storage. To date, there have been no peer reviewed studies assessing the health impact associated with boiling water, although some case-control studies in cholera outbreaks have noted stored safely after boiling as being protective against cholera.

 {{procontable | proborder="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|-! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages|-| valign="top" | - Simple <br>

- Proven inactivation of all bacteria, viruses and protozoa, even in turbid or contaminated water<br>- Socio-cultural acceptance of boiling for water treatment, particularly in tea-consuming cultures<br>- Easy and very effective<br>| convalign= "top" | - Inefficient <br>

- Lack of residual protection against contamination<br>- Potential for burn injuries<br>- Potentially high cost of carbon-based fuel source (with concurrent deforestation risk) and the opportunity cost of collecting fuel<br>- Potential user taste objections<br>- Potential for incomplete water treatment if users do not bring water to full boiling temperature<br>- Indoor pollution: increased risk of respiratory infections from indoor stoves or fires<br>- After boiling, water needs cooling down (cannot be consumed immediately)<br>- Deforestation (approx. 1 kg wood/1 litre water)<br>- CO2 emission<br>}|}

==Technical specification=Construction, operations and maintenance=== [[Image:village boiling.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Several solar cookers at work boiling water to make it safe to drink. Photo: [http://climate.nasa.gov/kids/games/solaroven/index.cfm Nasa.gov]]]

===Costs=Manufacturing====Needed materials are fuel (e.g. wood, charcoal, biomass, biogas, kerosene, propane, solar panels, electricity, a pot and a lid. Labour is needed for the regular collection of some fuels (e.g. wood, charcoal, biomass).  There is potential for burn injuries; caution should be maintained around stoves and fires and when handling hot water. Cause of respiratory infections associated with poor indoor air quality; improved stoves can be used to reduce illness and death from indoor fires and stoves. ====Estimated Lifespan====There is an on-going requirement for fuel. Pots used for boiling need may need replacement. ==Cost==

==Country experiences=References= ==Manuals== ==Movies== ==Acknowledgements== ==External Links==[http://www.cawst.org CAWST (Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology)] ==Footnotes==

===Acknowledgements===

==References==*<cite>Household Water Treatment Options in Developing Countries: Boiling. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). Household Water Treatment Options in Developing Countries: Boiling. Atlanta, USA.</cite> *<cite id=clasen07>Clasen, T. (2007). Microbiological effectiveness and cost of boiling to disinfect drinking water: Case studies from Vietnam and India. (Presentation) London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.</cite>

*<cite id=clasenetal07>Clasen, T., Thao, D[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1., Boisson, S1., and Shipin, O485. (2008) 2145&rep=rep1&type=pdf Microbiological effectiveness Effectiveness and cost Cost of boiling to disinfect drinking water Disinfecting Water by Boiling in rural VietnamSemi-urban India]. Environmental Science London School of Hygiene and Technology; 42(12): 42:55Tropical Medicine, 2008.</cite>

*<cite id=WHO>World Health OrganizationClasen, T., Thao, D., Boisson, S., et al. [http://www.whoncbi.nlm.nih.intgov/entitypubmed/household_water/resources/emergencies18605541 Microbiological effectiveness and cost of boiling to disinfect drinking water in rural Vietnam].pdf Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Following Emergencies Environmental Science and DisastersTechnology; 42(12): South Asia Earthquake and Tsunami]. Available at42: [www55.who2008.int/household_water/en/]</cite>