Changes

- Proven inactivation of all bacteria, viruses and protozoa, even in turbid or contaminated water<br>- Socio-cultural acceptance of boiling for water treatment, particularly in tea-consuming cultures<br>- Easy and very effective<br>

- Lack of residual protection against contamination<br>- Potential for burn injuries<br>- Potentially high cost of carbon-based fuel source (with concurrent deforestation risk) and the opportunity cost of collecting fuel<br>- Potential user taste objections<br>- Potential for incomplete water treatment if users do not bring water to full boiling temperature<br>- Indoor pollution: increased risk of respiratory infections from indoor stoves or fires<br>- After boiling, water needs cooling down (cannot be consumed immediately)<br>- Deforestation (approx. 1 kg wood/1 litre water)<br>- CO2 emission<br>