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<small{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-title />box|english_link=Application_of_Stored_Urine|french_link=Application_d’urine|spanish_link=Aplicación_de_Orina|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}<!-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->|}

sys2=[[Biogas System|5]]|sys3=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|sys3=|

Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=|english_link=Application_of_Urine|french_link=Application_d’urine|spanish_link=Aplicación_de_Orina

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2) Poured into furrows sufficiently away from plant roots The guidelines for urine use are based on storage time and covered immediately temperature (once or twice during see WHO guidelines on excreta use in agriculture for specific requirements). However, it is generally accepted that if urine is stored for at least 1 month, it will be safe for agricultural application at the household level. If urine is used for crops that are eaten by people other than the urine producer, it should be stored beforehand for 6 months. Another beneficial use of urine is as an additive to enrich compost. Technologies for the growing seasonproduction of urine-based fertilizers are currently under research (e.g., struvite, see Emerging Sanitation Technologies, p. 166); . From normal, healthy people, urine is virtually free of pathogens. Urine also contains the majority of nutrients that are excreted by the body. Its composition varies depending on diet, gender, climate, water intake, etc., but roughly 88% of nitrogen, 61% of phosphorus and74% of potassium excreted from the body is in urine.

===Design Considerations=== Stored urine should not be applied directly to plants because of its high pH and concentrated form. Instead, it can be: 1) mixed undiluted into soil before planting; 2) poured into furrows, but at a sufficient distance away from the roots of the plants and immediately covered (although this should take place no more than once or twice during the growing season); and 3) Diluted diluted several times , whereby it can be frequently used around plants (up to two times weekly). The optimal application rate depends on the nitrogendemand and tolerance of the crop on which it will be used frequently , the nitrogen concentration of the liquid, as well as the rate of ammonia loss during application. As a general rule of thumb, one can assume that 1 m2 of cropland can receive 1.5 L of urine per growing season(twice weeklythis quantity corresponds to the daily urine production of one person and to 40-110 kg N/ha) poured around plants. The urine of one person during one year is, thus, sufficient to fertilize 300 to 400 m2 of cropland.

To calculate the application rate, one can assume that 1m² of cropland can receive the urine from 1 person per day (1 to 1.5L), per crop harvested (e.g. 400 m² of cropland per year can be fertilized). A 3:1 mix of water and urine is an effective dilution for vegetables, applied twice weekly, although the correct amount depends on the soil and the type of vegetables. If diluted urine is used in an irrigation system, it is referred to as “fertigation” (see D.6). During the rainy season, urine can also be applied directly into small holes near plants, where ; then it will be is diluted naturally.

- Simple technique for all users. May encourage income generation (improved yield and productivity of plants) <br> - Low cost. Reduces dependence on costly chemical fertilizers <br> - Low risk of pathogen transmission. <br> - Reduces dependence on costly chemical fertilizers. <br> - May encourage income generation (tree planting.) Low costs| con=- Large volume compared to artificial fertilizer: urine Urine is heavy and may be difficult to transport. <br> - Smell may be offensive <br> - Labour intensive. <br> - Health precautions needed when applying urine.Risk of soil salinization if the soil is prone to the accumulation of salts <br>- Social acceptance may be low in some areas

===AdequacyAppropriateness===Urine is especially beneficial where for crops are lacking in nitrogen. Examples of some crops that grow well with urine include: maize, rice, millet, sorghum, wheat, chard, turnip, carrots, kale, cabbage, lettuce, bananas, paw-paw, and oranges. Urine application is ideal for rural and peri-urban areas where agricultural lands are close to the point of urine collection. Households can use their own urine on their own plot of land. Alternatively, if facilities and infrastructure exist, urine can be collected at a semi-centralized location for distribution and transport to agricultural land. Regardless, the most important aspect is that there is a need for nutrients otherwisefrom fertilizer for agriculture which can be supplied by the stored urine. When there is no such need, the urine can become a source of pollution and a nuisance if dealt with improperly. Recommendations for storage time and application techniques must be fully understood and followed. Urine should not be applied in areas with high salinity.  ===Health Aspects/Acceptance===There is a minimal risk of infection, especially with extended storage. Still, urine should be handled carefully and should not be applied to crops less than one month before they are harvested. The risk of disease transmission through handling and using human urine are related mainly to faecal cross-contamination, which can occur with urine-diverting toilets. With urinals, this risk is not present.

Social acceptance may be difficult. Stored urine has ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Urine poses a strong smell and some may find minimal risk of infection, especially when it offensive to work with or be nearhas been stored for an extended period of time. If Yet, urine is diluted, should becarefully handled and/or immediately tilled into the earth, the smells can should not be reducedapplied to crops less than one month before they are harvested. The use of urine may be less accepted in urban or peri-urban areas where household gardens This waiting period is especially important for crops that are close consumed raw (refer to houses than in rural areas, where houses and crop lands are separatedWHO guidelines for specific guidance).

With ===Operation & Maintenance=== Over time, some minerals in urine will precipitate (especially , calcium and magnesium phosphates). Any equipment Equipment that is used to collect, transport or apply urine (i.e. , watering cans with small holes) may become clogged over time. Most deposits can easily be removed with hot water and a bit of acid (vinegar), or in more extreme cases, manually chipped off manually.

* Morgan, P. R. (2004). [httphttps://www.sswmsusana.infoorg/categoryen/implementationknowledge-toolshub/reuseresources-and-rechargepublications/hardwarelibrary/reuse-urine-and-faeces-agriculturedetails/urine-f Application of Stored Urine]. SSWM. * Austin, A. and Duncker, L. (2002). Urine-diversion. 986 An Ecological Approach to Sanitation Systems in South Africa. CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa. * GTZ (2005). Technical data sheets for ecosan components- 01 Urine Diversion. GTZ, Germany. Available: http://www.gtzA Compilation of Experiences].de * MorganAquamor, P. (2007). Toilets that make compost. Stockholm Environment InstituteHarare, Stockholm, SwedenZW. AvailableChapter 10: http://www.ecosanresThe Usefulness of Urine.org

* Morgan, P. R. (20042007). An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa[https: A Compilation of Experiences//www. Aquamor, Harare, Zimbabwesusana. Chapter 10 – The usefulness of urine. Available: http:org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/www195 Toilets That Make Compost. Low-Cost, Sanitary Toilets That Produce Valuable Compost for Crops in an African Context].ecosanresStockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, SE.org

* NWP von Münch, E. and Winker, M. (20062011). Smart Sanitation Solutions[http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-875-giz2011-en-technology-review-urine-diversion.pdf Technology Review of Urine Diversion Components. Examples Overview of innovative, low-cost technologies for toilets, collectionUrine Diversion Components Such as Waterless Urinals, transportationUrine Diversion Toilets, treatment Urine Storage and use of sanitation productsReuse Systems]. Netherlands Water PartnershipGesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, The Netherlands. pp 51Eschborn, DE.

* SchonningRichert, CA. , Gensch, R., Jönsson, H., Stenström, T. A., and StenstromDagerskog, TAL. (20042010). Guidelines for [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/757 Practical Guidance on the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems-Report 2004-1Crop Production]. EcosanResEcoSanRes, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, SwedenSE. Available: http://www.ecosanres.org

* Winblad, UWHO (2006). and Simpson-Herbert, M[https://www. (edswho.) (2004)int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg4/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Ecological Sanitation- revised Volume 4: Excreta and enlarged editionGreywater Use in Agriculture]. Stockholm Environment InstituteWorld Health Organization, StockholmGeneva, SwedenCH. Available: http://www.ecosanres.org(Health risks and recommended guidelines for urine application)

* WHO (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater – Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture. WHO, Geneva. Available: [http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/en/ WHO: Guidelines on sanitation and health - 2018]