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sys1=[[Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
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Input1=Stored Urine |Input2= |Input3= | Input4= |Input5=|
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'''Separately collected, stored Stored urine is a high quality, concentrated source of nutrients that can be applied as a liquid fertilizer in agriculture to and replace all or some commercial chemical fertilizerfertilizers.'''
The guidelines for safe urine use are based on storage time and temperature (please see WHO guidelines on excreta use in agriculture for specific requirements). However, it is generally accepted that if urine is stored for at least 1 month, it will be safe for agricultural application at the household level. If urine is used for crops that are eaten by people other than the urine producer, it should be stored beforehand for 6 months. Another beneficial use of urine is as an additive to enrich compost. Technologies for the production of urine-based fertilizers are currently under research (e.g., struvite, see Emerging Sanitation Technologies, p. 166). From normal, healthy people, urine is virtually free of pathogens. Urine also contains the majority of nutrients that are excreted by the body. Its composition varies depending on diet, gender, climate, water intake, etc., but roughly 88% of nitrogen, 61% of phosphorus and 74% of potassium excreted from the body is in urine.
A 3:1 mix of water and urine is an effective dilution for vegetables, although the correct amount depends on the soil and the type of vegetables. If diluted urine is used in an irrigation system, it is referred to as “fertigation” (see D.6). During the rainy season, urine can also be applied directly into small holes near plants; then it is diluted naturally.
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{{procontable | pro=
- Simple technique for all users. May encourage income generation (improved yield and productivity of plants) <br> - Low cost. Reduces dependence on costly chemical fertilizers <br> - Low risk of pathogen transmission. <br> - Reduces dependence on costly chemical fertilizers. <br> - May encourage income generation (tree planting.) Low costs| con=- Large volume compared to artificial fertilizer: urine Urine is heavy and may be difficult to transport. <br> - Smell may be offensive <br> - Labour intensive. <br> - Health precautions needed when applying urine.Risk of soil salinization if the soil is prone to the accumulation of salts <br>- Social acceptance may be low in some areas
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===Appropriateness===
Urine is especially beneficial for crops lacking in nitrogen. Examples of some crops that grow well with urine include: maize, rice, millet,
sorghum, wheat, chard, turnip, carrots, kale, cabbage, lettuce, bananas, paw-paw, and oranges. Urine application is ideal for rural and peri-urban areas where agricultural lands are close to the point of urine collection. Households can use their own urine on their own plot of land. Alternatively, if facilities and infrastructure exist, urine can be collected at a semi-centralized location for distribution and transport to agricultural land. Regardless, the most important aspect is that there is a need for nutrients from fertilizer for agriculture which can be supplied by the stored urine. When there is no such need, the urine can become a source of pollution and a nuisance.
==Adequacy==Urine is especially beneficial where crops are lacking nitrogen. Examples of some crops that grow well with urine include: maize, rice, millet, sorghum, wheat, chard, turnip, carrots, kale, cabbage, lettuce, bananas, paw-paw, and oranges. Urine application is ideal for rural and peri-urban areas where agricultural lands are close to the point of urine collection. Households can use their own urine on their own plot of land. Alternatively, if facilities and infrastructure exist, urine can be collected at a semi-centralized location for distribution and transport to agricultural land. Regardless, the most important aspect is that there is a need for nutrients otherwise, the urine can become a source of pollution and nuisance if dealt with improperly. Recommendations for storage time and application techniques must be fully understood and followed. Urine should not be applied in areas with high salinity. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance===There is Urine poses a minimal risk of infection, especially with when it has been stored for an extended storageperiod of time. StillYet, urine should be carefully handled carefully and should not be applied to crops less than one month before they are harvested. The risk of disease transmission through handling and using human urine are related mainly to faecal cross-contamination. Social acceptance may be difficult. Stored urine has a strong smell and some may find it offensive to work with or be near. If urine This waiting period is diluted, and/or immediately tilled into the earth, the smells can be reduced. The use of urine may be less accepted in urban or peri-urban areas where household gardens especially important for crops that are close to houses than in rural areas, where houses and crop lands are separated. ==Maintenance== With time, some minerals in urine will precipitate consumed raw (especially calcium and magnesium phosphates). Any equipment that is used refer to collect, transport or apply urine (i.e. watering cans with small holesWHO guidelines for specific guidance) may become clogged over time. Most deposits can easily be removed with hot water and a bit of acid (vinegar), or in more extreme cases, chipped off manually.
* GTZ Morgan, P. R. (20052004). Technical data sheets for ecosan components[https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and- 01 Urine Diversionpublications/library/details/986 An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa. A Compilation of Experiences]. GTZAquamor, GermanyHarare, ZW. AvailableChapter 10: http://www.gtzThe Usefulness of Urine.de
* Morgan, P. R. (2007). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/195 Toilets That Make Compost. Low-Cost, Sanitary Toilets that make compostThat Produce Valuable Compost for Crops in an African Context]. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Available: http://wwwSE.ecosanres.org
* Morganvon Münch, PE. and Winker, M. (20042011). An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa: A Compilation of Experiences. Aquamor, Harare, Zimbabwe. Chapter 10 – The usefulness of urine. Available: [http://www.ecosanressusana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-875-giz2011-en-technology-review-urine-diversion.pdf Technology Review of Urine Diversion Components. Overview of Urine Diversion Components Such as Waterless Urinals, Urine Diversion Toilets, Urine Storage and Reuse Systems]. Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, DE.
* NWP (2006)Richert, A. Smart Sanitation Solutions, Gensch, R. Examples of innovative, low-cost technologies for toiletsJönsson, H., collectionStenström, transportationT. A., treatment and use Dagerskog, L. (2010). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/757 Practical Guidance on the Use of sanitation productsUrine in Crop Production]. Netherlands Water PartnershipEcoSanRes, Stockholm Environment Institute, The Netherlands. pp 51Stockholm, SE.
* Schonning, CWHO (2006). and Stenstrom, TA[https://www. (2004)who. int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg4/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Urine Wastewater, Excreta and Faeces Greywater. Volume 4: Excreta and Greywater Use in Ecological Sanitation Systems-Report 2004-1Agriculture]. EcosanRes, Stockholm Environment InstituteWorld Health Organization, StockholmGeneva, SwedenCH. Available: http://www.ecosanres.org(Health risks and recommended guidelines for urine application)
* Winblad, U. and Simpson-Herbert, M. (eds.) (2004). Ecological Sanitation- revised and enlarged edition. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Available: [http://www.ecosanreswho.orgint/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/en/ WHO: Guidelines on sanitation and health - 2018]
