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<small{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-title />box|english_link=Application_of_Stored_Urine|french_link=Application_d’urine|spanish_link=Aplicación_de_Orina|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}<!-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->|}

sys2=[[Biogas System|5]]|sys3=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|sys3=|

Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=|english_link=Application_of_Urine|french_link=Application_d’urine|spanish_link=Aplicación_de_Orina

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From normal, healthy people, '''Stored urine is virtually free of pathogens. Urine also contains the majority a concentrated source of nutrients that are excreted by the body. Urine varies depending on diet, gender, climate can be applied as a liquid fertilizer in agriculture and water intake among other facts, but roughly 80% of nitrogen, 60% of potassium and 55% of phosphorus that is excreted from the body is excreted through urinereplace all or some commercial chemical fertilizers.'''

Because of its high acidity The guidelines for urine use are based on storage time and concentrationtemperature (see WHO guidelines on excreta use in agriculture for specific requirements). However, it is generally accepted that if urine is stored for at least 1 month, it will be safe for agricultural application at the household level. If urine is used for crops that are eaten by people other than the urine producer, it should not be applied directly stored beforehand for 6 months. Another beneficial use of urine is as an additive to plantsenrich compost. Technologies for the production of urine-based fertilizers are currently under research (e.g., struvite, see Emerging Sanitation Technologies, p. 166). From normal, healthy people, urine is virtually free of pathogens. Urine also contains the majority of nutrients that are excreted by the body. Its composition varies depending on diet, gender, climate, water intake, etc., but roughly 88% of nitrogen, 61% of phosphorus and 74% of potassium excreted from the body is in urine. Rather it can be used:

===Design Considerations=== Stored urine should not be applied directly to plants because of its high pH and concentrated form. Instead, it can be: 1) Mixed mixed undiluted into soil before planting;2) poured into furrows, but at a sufficient distance away from the roots of the plants and immediately covered (although this should take place no more than once or twice during the growing season); and 3) diluted several times, whereby it can be frequently used around plants (up to two times weekly). The optimal application rate depends on the nitrogendemand and tolerance of the crop on which it will be used, the nitrogen concentration of the liquid, as well as the rate of ammonia loss during application. As a general rule of thumb, one can assume that 1 m2 of cropland can receive 1.5 L of urine per growing season(this quantity corresponds to the daily urine production of one person and to 40-110 kg N/ha). The urine of one person during one year is, thus, sufficient to fertilize 300 to 400 m2 of cropland.

2) Poured into furrows sufficiently away from plant roots and covered immediately (once or twice during the growing season); and 3) Diluted several times and used frequently (twice weekly) poured around plants. To calculate the application rate, one can assume that 1m² of cropland can receive the urine from 1 person per day (1 to 1.5L), per crop harvested (e.g. 400 m² of cropland per year can be fertilized). A 3:1 mix of water and urine is an effective dilution for vegetables, applied twice weekly, although the correct amount depends on the soil and the type of vegetables. If diluted urine is used in an irrigation system, it is referred to as “fertigation” (see D.6). During the rainy season, urine can also be applied directly into small holes near plants, where ; then it will be is diluted naturally.

- Simple technique for all users. May encourage income generation (improved yield and productivity of plants) <br> - Low cost. Reduces dependence on costly chemical fertilizers <br> - Low risk of pathogen transmission. <br> - Reduces dependence on costly chemical fertilizers. <br> - May encourage income generation (tree planting.) Low costs| con=- Large volume compared to artificial fertilizer: urine Urine is heavy and may be difficult to transport. <br> - Smell may be offensive <br> - Labour intensive. <br> - Health precautions needed when applying urine.Risk of soil salinization if the soil is prone to the accumulation of salts <br>- Social acceptance may be low in some areas

===AdequacyAppropriateness===Urine is especially beneficial where for crops are lacking in nitrogen. Examples of some crops that grow well with urine include: maize, rice, millet, sorghum, wheat, chard, turnip, carrots, kale, cabbage, lettuce, bananas, paw-paw, and oranges. Urine application is ideal for rural and peri-urban areas where agricultural lands are close to the point of urine collection. Households can use their own urine on their own plot of land. Alternatively, if facilities and infrastructure exist, urine can be collected at a semi-centralized location for distribution and transport to agricultural land. Regardless, the most important aspect is that there is a need for nutrients from fertilizer for agriculture which can be supplied by the stored urine. When there is no such need, the urine can become a source of pollution and a nuisance.

===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Urine application is ideal poses a minimal risk of infection, especially when it has been stored for rural and peri-urban areas where agricultural lands are close to the point an extended period of urine collectiontime. Households can use their own Yet, urine on their own plot of land. should beAlternatively, if facilities carefully handled and infrastructure exist, urine can should not be collected at a semi-centralized location for distribution and transport applied to agricultural landcrops less than one month before they are harvested. Regardless, the most This waiting period is especially important aspect is for crops that there is a need for nutrients otherwise, the urine can become a source of pollution and nuisance if dealt with improperly. Recommendations are consumed raw (refer to WHO guidelines for storage time and application techniques must be fully understood and followedspecific guidance).

Urine should not Social acceptance may be applied difficult. Stored urine has a strong smell and some may find it offensive to work with it or to have it nearby. If urine is diluted and/or immediately tilled into the earth, however, its smell can be reduced. The use of urine may be less accepted in urban or peri-urban areas when household gardens are close to peoples’ homes than in rural areas with high salinitywhere houses and cropland are kept separate.

===Health Aspects/Acceptance===There is a minimal risk of infection, especially with extended storage. Still, urine should be handled carefully and should not be applied to crops less than one month before they are harvested. The risk of disease transmission through handling and using human urine are related mainly to faecal cross-contamination, which can occur with urine-diverting toilets. With urinals, this risk is not present. Social acceptance may be difficult. Stored urine has a strong smell and some may find it offensive to work with or be near. If urine is diluted, and/or immediately tilled into the earth, the smells can be reduced. The use of urine may be less accepted in urban or peri-urban areas where household gardens are close to houses than in rural areas, where houses and crop lands are separated. ===Operation & Maintenance=== With Over time, some minerals in urine will precipitate (especially , calcium and magnesium phosphates). Any equipment Equipment that is used to collect, transport or apply urine (i.e. , watering cans with small holes) may become clogged over time. Most deposits can easily be removed with hot water and a bit of acid (vinegar), or in more extreme cases, manually chipped off manually.

* AustinMorgan, A. and Duncker, L. (2002). Urine-diversion. Ecological Sanitation Systems in South AfricaP. CSIR, Pretoria, South AfricaR. * GTZ (20052004). Technical data sheets for ecosan components- 01 Urine Diversion. GTZ, Germany. Available: http[https://www.gtzsusana.de * Morgan, Porg/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/986 An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa. (2007)A Compilation of Experiences]. Toilets that make compost. Stockholm Environment InstituteAquamor, StockholmHarare, SwedenZW. AvailableChapter 10: http://wwwThe Usefulness of Urine.ecosanres.org

* Morgan, P. R. (20042007). An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa[https: A Compilation of Experiences//www. Aquamor, Harare, Zimbabwesusana. Chapter 10 – The usefulness of urine. Available: http:org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/www195 Toilets That Make Compost. Low-Cost, Sanitary Toilets That Produce Valuable Compost for Crops in an African Context].ecosanresStockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, SE.org

* NWP von Münch, E. and Winker, M. (20062011). Smart Sanitation Solutions[http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-875-giz2011-en-technology-review-urine-diversion.pdf Technology Review of Urine Diversion Components. Examples Overview of innovative, low-cost technologies for toilets, collectionUrine Diversion Components Such as Waterless Urinals, transportationUrine Diversion Toilets, treatment Urine Storage and use of sanitation productsReuse Systems]. Netherlands Water PartnershipGesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, The Netherlands. pp 51Eschborn, DE.

* SchonningRichert, CA. , Gensch, R., Jönsson, H., Stenström, T. A., and StenstromDagerskog, TAL. (20042010). Guidelines for [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/757 Practical Guidance on the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems-Report 2004-1Crop Production]. EcosanResEcoSanRes, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, SwedenSE. Available: http://www.ecosanres.org

* Winblad, UWHO (2006). and Simpson-Herbert, M[https://www. (edswho.) (2004)int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg4/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Ecological Sanitation- revised Volume 4: Excreta and enlarged editionGreywater Use in Agriculture]. Stockholm Environment InstituteWorld Health Organization, StockholmGeneva, SwedenCH. Available: http://www.ecosanres.org(Health risks and recommended guidelines for urine application)

* WHO (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater – Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture. WHO, Geneva. Available: [http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/en/ WHO: Guidelines on sanitation and health - 2018]