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<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->box|english_link=Application_of_Dehydrated_Faeces|french_link=Application_des_fèces_déshydratées|spanish_link=Aplicación_de_Heces_Secas|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{{santablesantable_new|

Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=

[[Image:Icon_application_of_dehydrated_faeces.png |right|95px80px]]'''When faeces are stored in the absence of moisture (i.e. , urine) , they dehydrate into a crumbly, white-beige , coarse, flaky material or powder. Dehydration means that the The moisture naturally present in the faeces evaporates and/or is absorbed by the addition of a drying material (e.g. , ash, sawdust, lime)that is added to them. Dried faeces can be used as a soil conditioner.'''

Dehydration is different from composting because the organic material present is not degraded or transformed; only the moisture is removed. After dehydration, faeces Faeces will reduce in volume by about 75%after dehydration. Completely dry faeces are a crumbly, powdery substance. The shells and carcasses of worms and insects that in the faeces also dehydrate and become part of the dried material. The material is rich in carbon and nutrients, but may still contain protozoan cysts or oocysts (spores that can survive extreme environmental conditions andbe re-animated under favourable conditions) and other pathogens. The degree of pathogen inactivation will remain in depend on the temperature, the pH (using ash or lime raises the dried pH) and storage time. It is generally accepted that faecesshould be stored between 6 to 24 months, although pathogens may still exist after this time (refer to WHO guidelines for specific guidance).

The degree of pathogen inactivation will depend on the temperature, the pH (e.g. lime raises the pH) and storage time. It is generally accepted that faeces should be stored between 12 to 18 months, although pathogens may still exist after this time. When the faeces are completely dry they will emerge as a crumbly, powdery substance. The material is rich in carbon and nutrients, but may still contain pathogens or oocysts (spores which can survive extreme environmental conditions and re-animate under favourable conditions). The material can be mixed into soil, either for agriculture or at another site (depending on acceptance). Faeces that are dried and stored between 2 and 20°C should be stored for between 1.5 to 2 years before they are used at the household or regional levelsafely mixed into soil or buried elsewhere. At higher temperatures (i.e. greater than 20°C) Extended storage over one year is recommended to inactivate Ascaris eggs (a type of parasitic worm). A shorter storage time of six months also an option if there is required if no immediate use for the faeces have a pH above 9 material (isee D.e. lime will increase the pH of the faeces12). The WHO has published guidelines and these should be consulted before using dried faeces.

- Can improve the structure and water-holding capacity of soil. <br> - Simple technique for all users. <br> - Low cost. <br> - Low risk of pathogen transmission. <br> - May encourage income generation (tree planting. Low costs | con=- Labour intensive. <br> - Pathogens may exist in a dormant stage (cysts and oocysts) which may become infectious if moisture is added. <br> - Does not replace fertilizer (N, P, K). <br>- Social acceptance may be low in some areas

==Adequacy== Dried faeces are not as well treated or as useful as a soil amendment as composted faeces. However, they are useful at replenishing poor soils and for boosting the carbon and water-storing properties of a soil with low-risk of pathogen transmission. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance=== The handing handling and use of dried faeces may not be acceptable to somepeople. However, because the dried dehydrated faeces should be dry, crumbly, and odour free, the use of dried faeces may using them might be more acceptable easier to accept than that of manure or sludge. Dry faeces are a hostile environment for organisms and consequently, they do not survive (for long)in it. If water or urine mixes is mixed with the drying faeces, however, odours and organisms may become problematic; wet faeces allow because bacteria to easily survive and multiplyin wet faeces. A warmWarm, moist environment will permit environments are conducive to anaerobic processes to , which can generate offensive odours.

When removing the dehydrated Dehydrated faeces from the dehydration vaults, care must should not be taken applied to prevent the power from blowing and being inhaledcrops less than one month before they are harvested. This waiting period is especially important for crops that are consumed raw.

===Operation & Maintenance=== When removing dehydrated faeces from dehydration vaults, care must be taken to prevent the powder from blowing and being inhaled. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing. Faeces should be kept as dry as possible. If by accident, water or urine enters and mixes with drying faeces, more ash, lime or dry soil should be added to help absorb the moisture. Prevention is the best way to keepfaeces dry.

* Elizabeth Tilley etSchönning, C. and Stenström, T. A.al (20082004). [httphttps://www.eawagsusana.chorg/organisationen/abteilungenknowledge-hub/sandecresources-and-publications/publikationenlibrary/publications_sespdetails/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium 201 Guidelines for the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawagReport 2004-1.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal EcoSanRes, Stockholm Environment Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems, Stockholm, SE.)

* Austin, AWHO (2006). and Duncker, L[https://www. (2002)who. Urine-diversionint/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg4/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Ecological Sanitation Systems Volume 4: Excreta and Greywater Use in South AfricaAgriculture]. CSIRWorld Health Organization, Geneva, PretoriaCH.

* SchonningWinblad, CU. and StenstromSimpson-Hébert, TAM. (Eds.) (2004). Guidelines for the Safe Use of Urine [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and Faeces in -publications/library/details/487 Ecological Sanitation Systems-Report 2004-1]. Revised and Enlarged Edition. EcosanRes, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, SwedenSE. Available: http://www.ecosanres.org

* WHO (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater – Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture. WHO, Geneva. Available: [http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/en/ WHO: Guidelines on sanitation and health - 2018]

* Winblad, U. and Simpson-Herbert, M. (eds.) (2004). Ecological ===Acknowledgements==={{:Acknowledgements Sanitation- revised and enlarged edition. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Available: http://www.ecosanres.org}}