Difference between revisions of "水力噴射-EMAS方法"

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{{Language-box|english_link= Jetting - EMAS method | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon | hindi_link= Coming soon | malayalam_link= Coming soon | tamil_link= Coming soon | swahili_link=coming soon | korean_link= Coming soon | chinese_link=水力噴射-EMAS方法 | indonesian_link= Coming soon | japanese_link= Coming soon }}
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[[Image:Icon_EMAS_drilling.png|right|80px]]
 
[[Image:Icon_EMAS_drilling.png|right|80px]]
[[Image:Emas.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Drilling a well in Colombia with the EMAS method.]]
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[[Image:Emas.jpg|thumb|right|200px|在哥倫比亞以EMAS方法鑽井。]]
[[Image:Emas1.png|thumb|right|200px|All the equipment needed easily fits on a small hand-cart.]]
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[[Image:Emas1.png|thumb|right|200px|所有的工具可輕易裝進一台小型手推車內。]]
__NOTOC__ <small-title />
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手工鑽井中的EMAS方法是融合了[[Jetting - general|水力噴射]]、[[Percussion - general|衝擊鑽法]]以及[[Sludging - Rota sludge|迴旋式]]之鑽井技術。此方法需使用手動泥泵,每個行程末端鑽桿皆轉90度;這可鑽鑿到各種鬆土、綜合材料及輕石。但鑽桿無法穿過硬原岩及卵礫石(如:地下的古老河床)。管井直徑一般為37毫米。  
 
手工鑽井中的EMAS方法是融合了[[Jetting - general|水力噴射]]、[[Percussion - general|衝擊鑽法]]以及[[Sludging - Rota sludge|迴旋式]]之鑽井技術。此方法需使用手動泥泵,每個行程末端鑽桿皆轉90度;這可鑽鑿到各種鬆土、綜合材料及輕石。但鑽桿無法穿過硬原岩及卵礫石(如:地下的古老河床)。管井直徑一般為37毫米。  
  
The EMAS drilling method was developed by the Escuela Móvil de Agua y Saneamiento (Mobile School for Water and Sanitation, EMAS) in Bolivia. Project leader of EMAS in Bolivia is Wolfgang Eligius Buchner, born 1957 in Holzkirchen bei München.
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EMAS鑽井法是由玻利維亞的Escuela Móvil de Agua y Saneamiento(水與衛生流動學校)所開發。EMAS在玻利維亞的計畫領袖沃夫岡・埃里吉斯・布赫納,於1957年出生在慕尼黑的霍爾茨基興鎮。EMAS建立於1993年,已在聖胡利安(1994年)及裴瑞玆(1997年)的部門培訓了約130位獨立造井師,其中有20位學生從認證過的工藝課程中畢業。玻利維亞的造井師們創立了一個造井師組織。
  
EMAS was established in 1993, and has provided training for about 130 independent well builders in its branches in San Julian (1994) and in Puerto Pérez (1997). 20 students have been able to graduate from the licensed craftsman course. The well builders in Bolivia have founded a well builder organization.
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EMAS建立於1993年,已在聖胡利安(1994年)及裴瑞玆(1997年)的部門培訓了約130位獨立造井師,其中有20位學生從認證過的工藝課程中畢業。玻利維亞的造井師們創立了一個造井師組織。
  
During a three-month education, agricultural workers are trained to independently drill wells, build sanitary installations and market their skills in their local area depending on demand.
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三個月的訓練過程中,農業工人受訓如何獨立鑽井、建造衛生設施、及在當地社區視需求推廣自己的技術。因鑽井及建造線路系統需要大量投資,所以一直以來難以實現在郊區建造大規模的飲水系統。沃夫岡・布赫納依照當地情況,改建了原本受到大眾接受的吸式及沖洗式鑽井系統。 
The need for large financial investments for well drilling and the building of line systems has traditionally prohibited the construction of large scale potable water systems in rural areas. Wolfgang Buchner adapted already accepted suction - and rinsing drilling methods to local conditions.
 
  
EMAS is not only the name of the mobile school for water and sanitation, but also a whole technical and social concept of water and sanitation which includes rain water harvesting, solar water heaters, windpower, hydraulic rams, water treatment, small tanks and sinks, a variety of hand and foot pumps, and ferrocement tanks.
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EMAS不只是水與衛生流動學校的名字,也是整個技術及社會對水和衛生的概念;包含收集雨水、太陽能熱水器、風力發電、液壓頂桿、水處理、小型貯水池與水槽、各式各樣的手泵與腳泵,及鋼筋混凝土貯水池。
  
===Suitable conditions ===
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===適宜條件===
[[Image:Emas0.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Emas well drilling]]
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[[Image:Emas0.jpg|thumb|right|200px|EMAS鑽井]]
Wells as deep as 90 meters can be drilled within 3-4 days without any machine employment and exclusively through the use of manual labor. Depths up to 100 m have been reached with the EMAS method. Most regions of South America (loam and sandy soils) are geologically suitable for this drilling method (predominantly rinsing or suction drilling).
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僅以人力鑽鑿,不需使用機器可在三至四日內挖掘90公尺深的井。使用EMAS方法則可挖至100公尺。南美大部份的地區(砂壤土)在地質上適合此種EMAS鑽井方法(以沖洗式及吸式鑽井為主)。
  
This technique is suitable for weakly cohesive sands and silts. It adapts best to loamy soils, consolidated materials and light rock. In pure coarse sands, progress may be slow when only washing is used: the space between the drill stem and the well walls is relatively large, in relation to the slender drill stem, which makes for a slow upward flow. Sand may sink faster than it can be lifted out with the drilling fluid. In such conditions, it is easy to change from washing to suction drilling, by changing the handle. An example is shown in [http://blip.tv/file/2445078 this movie]. A universal drill bit was designed which is very good for washing and suction, and which cannot get plugged by stones.
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此技術適用於凝聚性弱之沙及淤泥;最適用於壤土、綜合材料及輕石。地質為純粗砂的情況下如果只使用沖洗式鑽井,進度會有些緩慢:因為就較狹窄的鑽桿而言,鑽桿及井壁間的空隙相對之下較大而造成水流緩慢向上流,導致鑽井泥漿中的沙下沉速度比上升的快。在此情況下能簡單的以改變把手來將沖洗式改變至吸式鑽井。例子提供於影片內。也有特別設計的萬能鑽頭對吸式及沖洗式皆十分好用,且不會被石頭堵塞。
  
The borehole stays open by water pressure. To prevent collapsing fluid-drilled boreholes must be kept full of water during the entire drilling and well installation process. For a 20 m well, one or two barrels are needed, or about 10-20 liters per meter.
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因為鑽孔會因水壓維持敞開狀態,為防止崩塌,整個鑽井及安裝過程中流體鑽孔需保持滿水狀態。一個20公尺的井,一、二桶水即足夠;或每公尺約10-20公升水。
  
  
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
 
|-
 
|-
! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages
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! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | 優點
! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages
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! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | 缺點
 
|-
 
|-
| valign="top" | - Very quick in fine and medium sand formations.<br>
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| valign="top" | - 在細微至中等沙質中使用起來極快。<br>
- Very simple and cheap equipment. <br>
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- 操作儀器簡單便宜。 <br>
- No need for machines. <br>
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- 無需使用機器。 <br>
- No need for motor-powered mud pump and tower.<br>
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- 無需使用電動泥泵及鑽塔。<br>
- Can work below the groundwater table. <br>
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- 可在地下水位下作業。<br>
- Uses non-corrosive, easily accessible and processable materials (PE and PVC). <br>
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- 使用防腐、易取得及易處理之材料(聚乙烯與聚氯乙烯)。 <br>
- Low maintenance costs <br>
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- 維護成本低 <br>
- Low cost (approx. US-$ 6 per meter of depth including hand pump). This is about 10 times more economical than the least expensive commercially available method.<br>
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- 低成本(含手泵每公尺約六美元)。此方法比起市面上最低成本的方法要經濟約十倍。<br>
- Adaptable to other countries and regions with similar soil conditions.<br>
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- 適用於有著類似土質的其他國家及區域。<br>
| valign="top" | - Generally limited to sandy soils and soft clay.
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| valign="top" | - 一般受限於砂質土壤及軟黏土。
- Enough working water needs to be available on the drilling location. <br>
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- 在鑽井工址需有足夠的水可供使用。 <br>
- Leaving the borehole open during the night has a risk of collapsing.<br>
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- 鑽孔徹夜敞開有崩塌危險。<br>
- Slower than motorized drilling<br>
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- 工程比電動鑽井耗時。<br>
 
|}
 
|}
  
  
===Construction, operations and maintenance===
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===建造工程、營運及維護===
Soft Clay is the easiest to drill, is suitable conditions 40 meters can be drilled in this material in one single day. For every meter, between 10 and 20 litre of water is needed, inlcuding washing. For a 20 meter well, one or two barrels of water are enough.
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軟黏土最易鑽鑿,在適宜條件之下,以此土質一天內可鑽鑿40公尺。包含清洗的水,每鑽鑿一公尺需10至20公升的水。一個20公尺的井只需一、二桶水即足夠。
  
Drilling is continuous: the drill bit is normally not removed from the borehole until it is finished or work is interrupted. As a portion of the drill stem is entered, another length of ¾” (19 mm) metal pipe with reinforced threads is screwed on. Drilling fluid (mud, a suspension of ordinary clay or bentonite with an adequate density) is pumped down through the drill stem using a hand-operated mud pump. The drilling fluid comes back up around the drill stem, carrying broken-up material. Sand and small stones settle in a settling area dug in the ground, and the mud is recycled through the pump.
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鑽井是一項不間斷的作業:在鑽鑿工作完成或被中斷之前,鑽頭通常不能從鑽孔上移除。按照插入鑽桿的比例,固定另一個長3/4吋(19毫米)、有著強化螺紋之金屬管。以手動泥泵將鑽井泥漿(普通黏土的懸浮物或密度適中的皂土所成的泥)經由鑽桿抽空。鑽井泥漿回升時會帶著碎裂的材料。沙及小石頭會沈澱於地上挖的沈澱區域,泥土則會經由泵再循環利用。
  
Percussion action is performed by lifting the drill with a lever, mounted on the drilling tower, and letting it fall down. Moreover, the drill is rotated half-turns in both directions, enhancing the grinding action of the bit.
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衝擊式作業為:以槓桿將鑽頭抬起,安裝在鑽塔上再使其落下。接下來,鑽頭的兩頭各旋轉半圈,加強其研磨作用。
  
The resulting hole diameter is about two inches, and wells are cased with cheap 1 1/2” (39 mm) PVC pipe. This can accommodate a 1 1/4” PVC piston pump, but if required, the upper portion of the well (down to about 1 m below the lowest expected water table) can be reamed to accommodate larger diameter pumps.
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鑽鑿而成的洞直徑約為兩呎,便宜的1又1/2吋(39毫米)聚氯乙烯管則作為井的套管。這能容納1又1/4吋的聚氯乙烯活塞泵。但如有需要,井的上半部(比最低預期水位低一公尺) 可擴大至能容納直徑稍大的泵。
  
As the entire drill stem is metallic, the weight of the drill increases linearly with depth, so the deeper the well, the heavier the stroke, but stroke length is limited to about 30 cm by the lever.
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因為整個鑽桿為金屬製,鑽頭的重量會隨著深度線性增加。因此井越深,行程越重 (行程長度被槓桿限制為30公分)。
  
No temporary casing is used. Upon reaching the desired depth, drilling fluid is removed from the hole by injecting progressively lower density mud. If unstable layers are present, however, this diluting can make the well collapse before it can be cased. In such cases it may be better to case the well with mud in it and evacuate the mud afterwards by pouring or injecting water into the casing (backwashing).
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不需使用臨時套管。越接近理想的深度,以逐漸注射低密度的泥土將鑽井泥漿從洞內移除。但如出現不穩定的分層,此稀釋行為可能造成井在裝套前崩塌。在此情況下,最好在井內先以泥裝套然後澆入或注入水進套管內排空泥土(反洗)。
  
The complete rig can be built locally in about any arc-welding workshop, using only materials found in ordinary hardware stores.
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完整的設備可於當地的任何弧焊工廠建造,材料在一般五金行即可購買。
  
  
 
{|style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 1px; text-align: center; background-color: #efefef" align="center" width="70%"  
 
{|style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 1px; text-align: center; background-color: #efefef" align="center" width="70%"  
 
|-
 
|-
! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas2.png|thumb|center|200px|Setting up the light-weight drill tower.]]
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! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas2.png|thumb|center|200px|設立輕量級鑽塔。]]
! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas4.png|thumb|center|200px|Installing the lever, used to move the drill stem up and down.]]
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! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas4.png|thumb|center|200px|安裝用來控制鑽桿上下移動的操作桿。]]
! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas3.png|thumb|center|200px|Drilling in process: one person operates the lever, one person guides the drill stem and rotates it, the third person operates the mud pump.]]
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! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas3.png|thumb|center|200px|鑽井過程中:一人執行操作桿,另一人操縱及旋轉鑽桿,第三人則操縱泥泵。]]
! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas8.png|thumb|center|200px|Putting in an EMAS flexi-pump.]]
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! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas8.png|thumb|center|200px|置入EMAS的彈性泵。]]
 
|-
 
|-
|[[Image:Emas7.png|thumb|center|200px|Wetting the cement for the pump base.]]
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|[[Image:Emas7.png|thumb|center|200px|打濕泵基部之水泥。]]
|[[Image:Emas5.png|thumb|center|200px|The mud pump in close-up.]]
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|[[Image:Emas5.png|thumb|center|200px|封起泥泵。]]
|[[Image:Emas6.png|thumb|center|200px|The well screen, slits cut with saw, end capped. Later, a sock is pulled around the screen.]]
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|[[Image:Emas6.png|thumb|center|200px|井的濾管以鋸子切出縫隙,尾端加蓋。之後,將一隻襪子纏繞於濾管上。]]
|[[Image:Emas9.png|thumb|center|200px|After the well screen is put in the well, the well is developed by a special tool.]]
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|[[Image:Emas9.png|thumb|center|200px|井裝上濾管後接著使用特殊工具開發。]]
 
|}
 
|}
  
===Costs===
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===花費===
An EMAS drilling rig, fit to drill holes up to 30 m deep, can be built in Bolivia for about US$ 600 - 800. This includes the tower, mud pump and all essential non-common tools to operate and maintain it.
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適用於最深30公尺之EMAS鑽井設備,在玻利維亞造價約為600至800美元。此花費也包含鑽塔、泥泵及所有用於營運及維護鑽井的罕見工具。
  
In most cases, the tube well is combined with an [[EMAS pump|EMAS hand pump]]. In that case, the total cost per meter, including labor, materials, hand pump and 1 year warranty, in Bolivia amounts to between 4 and 10 US$. The standard price is between 5 and 6 Dollars per meter.
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多數情況下,管井結合了[[EMAS pump|EMAS手泵]]。在玻利維亞,每公尺的總成本在4至10美元之間,包含勞力、材料、手泵,以及一年保固。而標準價格則為每公尺5至6美元。
  
That price is calculated in 3 parts. Taking 6$ as basis, 2$ are for the material and hand pump (a hand pump is normally included in a well deeper than 20 meters), 2$ are for the wage of the two drillers (including also the maintenance of the equipment) and 2$ in the creation of
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此價格以三部分來計算。以6美元為基準,2美元為材料及手泵費(如果井深為20公尺則包含水泵),2美元為兩名鑽井工人之薪資(包含維護器具費用),2美元作為儲備基金以應對沒水、只有鹹水、或是鑽井錯誤以致鑽桿壞損或裝錯過濾套等情況。一般而言,5美元的價格會附加一年保固,以防使用四個星期後有留下沙子的情況。
a reserve fund in case there is no water or not enough water found, salty water found or a drilling mistake is made such as a broken drill stem, the wrong filter sleeve, etc.
 
Normally, for the price of 5$ a 1 year warrantee is given in case that the sand remains after 4 weeks use.
 
  
The average well depth in Bolivia is around 27 meters, and costs approx. US$ 180 including an [[EMAS pump|EMAS hand pump]]. This makes a surface covering supply of drinking water possible for municipalities and families in rural areas.
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玻利維亞的井深平均約27公尺,含[[EMAS pump|EMAS手泵]]成本約180美元。此價格使得農村能加建井的蓋子,市鎮政府及家庭們因而能有飲用水。
  
===Field experiences===
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===實地經驗===
The EMAS method is mainly used in Bolivia, Panama, Ecuador, Paraguay, Brazil, Peru, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Eritrea and Sri Lanka.
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EMAS方法多使用於玻利維亞、巴拿馬、厄瓜多爾、巴拉圭、巴西、秘魯、宏都拉斯、尼加拉瓜、薩爾瓦多、瓜地馬拉、厄立特里亞及斯里蘭卡。
  
===Manuals, videos and links===
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===指南、影片及連結===
EMAS has produced a set of DVDs which cover, among others, EMAS drilling and other low cost water supply techniques. Contact Wolfgang Buchner in Bolivia at emas@entelnet.bo or emas@ceibo.entelnet.bo if you would like to order a copy of the movies on DVD.
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EMAS製作了一套DVD,內容包含EMAS鑽井及其他低成本的供水技術。如需訂購此DVD,請來信至emas@entelnet.bo或emas@ceibo.entelnet.bo聯絡位於玻利維亞的沃夫岡・布赫納。
  
EMAS manual well drilling is a method for drilling small-diameter tube wells by hand. The drilling method is a hybrid between washboring, percussion and rotary drilling. It permits to drill through all kinds of loose soils, as well as consolidated materials and light rock. It will not, however, penetrate hard original rock or boulders (e.g. ancient river beds underground). The usual diameter of the tube well is 37 mm. Movies made by Wolfgang Buchner.
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EMAS手工鑽井是以手鑽鑿小孔徑管井的方法,融合了沖激鑽探、衝擊鑽法以及迴旋鑽井技術。這使各種鬆土、綜合材料及輕石皆可被鑽鑿到。但鑽槓無法穿過硬原岩及卵礫石(如:地下的古老河床)。管井直徑一般為37毫米。影片由沃夫岡・布赫納製作。
  
* Collection of [https://vimeo.com/emas EMAS movies] on different EMAS subjects.
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* 不同主題的[https://vimeo.com/emas EMAS影片集]
  
 
{|style="font-size: 120%"
 
{|style="font-size: 120%"
 
|-
 
|-
|{{#ev:youtube|B9zXHIrsdiw|200|auto|<center>Well drilling - standard <br>EMAS method - part 1</center>}}
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|{{#ev:youtube|B9zXHIrsdiw|200|auto|<center>鑽井-EMAS標準方法<br>第一部份
|{{#ev:youtube|T8SivxJ8LWg|200|auto|<center>Well drilling - standard <br>EMAS method - part 2</center>}}
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</center>}}
|{{#ev:youtube|mPz4WxQ245c|200|auto|<center>Suction variant to standard EMAS method - part 1</center>}}
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|{{#ev:youtube|T8SivxJ8LWg|200|auto|<center>鑽井-EMAS標準方法 <br>第二部份</center>}}
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|{{#ev:youtube|mPz4WxQ245c|200|auto|<center>吸式鑽井的變化到<br>EMAS標準方法第一部份</center>}}
 
|-
 
|-
|{{#ev:youtube|qHwReBdKkr8|200|auto|<center>Well drilling - sludging with <br>temporary casing - part 1</center>}}
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|{{#ev:youtube|qHwReBdKkr8|200|auto|<center>鑽井-軟泥法與臨時套管 <br>第一部份</center>}}
|{{#ev:youtube|EIjSb7-z5fU|200|auto|<center>Well drilling - sludging with <br>temporary casing - part 2</center>}}
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|{{#ev:youtube|EIjSb7-z5fU|200|auto|<center>鑽井- 軟泥法與臨時套管<br>第二部份</center>}}
|{{#ev:youtube|EmB9EFFNKc0|200|auto|<center>Well drilling - sludging with <br>temporary casing - part 3</center>}}
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|{{#ev:youtube|EmB9EFFNKc0|200|auto|<center>鑽井- 軟泥法與臨時套管 <br>第三部分</center>}}
 
|}
 
|}
  
====Other resources====
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====其他資料來源====
* The Technology Demonstration Center EMAS works with EMAS Jetting. See [[Technology Demonstration Centers]]
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* 技術示範中心-EMAS水力噴射作業。請見[[Technology Demonstration Centers|技術示範中心]]
* [http://www.emas-international.de/index.php?id=51&L=3 EMAS] on well drilling.
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* [http://www.emas-international.de/index.php?id=51&L=3 EMAS]的鑽井技術。
* [http://paulcloesen.50webs.com/In-EN.htm EMAS drilling by Paul Cloesen].
+
* [http://paulcloesen.50webs.com/In-EN.htm Paul Cloesen的EMAS鑽井資料]
* Rural Water Supply Network, [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling/emas-drilling article on EMAS drilling].
+
* 郊區供水網絡,[http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling/emas-drilling EMAS鑽井文章]
*[[Solution_of_the_week_10|Akvo solution of the week 10]]
+
*[[Solution_of_the_week_10|Akvo 解決方案第十週]]
*[[Solution_of_the_week_11|Akvo solution of the week 11]]
+
*[[Solution_of_the_week_11|Akvo 解決方案第十一週]]
  
===Acknowledgements===
+
===感謝===
* This article is based on an [http://www.paulcloesen.50webs.com/In-EN.htm article] by [http://www.paulcloesen.50webs.com/ Paul Cloesen], and on material from [http://www.emas-international.de/index.php?id=51&L=3 emas-international.de]
+
* 此文章根據[http://www.paulcloesen.50webs.com/ Paul Cloesen][http://www.paulcloesen.50webs.com/In-EN.htm 文章][http://www.emas-international.de/index.php?id=51&L=3 emas-international.de]提供的材料所撰寫。

Latest revision as of 00:29, 6 September 2016

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Icon EMAS drilling.png
在哥倫比亞以EMAS方法鑽井。
所有的工具可輕易裝進一台小型手推車內。

手工鑽井中的EMAS方法是融合了水力噴射衝擊鑽法以及迴旋式之鑽井技術。此方法需使用手動泥泵,每個行程末端鑽桿皆轉90度;這可鑽鑿到各種鬆土、綜合材料及輕石。但鑽桿無法穿過硬原岩及卵礫石(如:地下的古老河床)。管井直徑一般為37毫米。

EMAS鑽井法是由玻利維亞的Escuela Móvil de Agua y Saneamiento(水與衛生流動學校)所開發。EMAS在玻利維亞的計畫領袖沃夫岡・埃里吉斯・布赫納,於1957年出生在慕尼黑的霍爾茨基興鎮。EMAS建立於1993年,已在聖胡利安(1994年)及裴瑞玆(1997年)的部門培訓了約130位獨立造井師,其中有20位學生從認證過的工藝課程中畢業。玻利維亞的造井師們創立了一個造井師組織。

EMAS建立於1993年,已在聖胡利安(1994年)及裴瑞玆(1997年)的部門培訓了約130位獨立造井師,其中有20位學生從認證過的工藝課程中畢業。玻利維亞的造井師們創立了一個造井師組織。

三個月的訓練過程中,農業工人受訓如何獨立鑽井、建造衛生設施、及在當地社區視需求推廣自己的技術。因鑽井及建造線路系統需要大量投資,所以一直以來難以實現在郊區建造大規模的飲水系統。沃夫岡・布赫納依照當地情況,改建了原本受到大眾接受的吸式及沖洗式鑽井系統。

EMAS不只是水與衛生流動學校的名字,也是整個技術及社會對水和衛生的概念;包含收集雨水、太陽能熱水器、風力發電、液壓頂桿、水處理、小型貯水池與水槽、各式各樣的手泵與腳泵,及鋼筋混凝土貯水池。

適宜條件

EMAS鑽井

僅以人力鑽鑿,不需使用機器可在三至四日內挖掘90公尺深的井。使用EMAS方法則可挖至100公尺。南美大部份的地區(砂壤土)在地質上適合此種EMAS鑽井方法(以沖洗式及吸式鑽井為主)。

此技術適用於凝聚性弱之沙及淤泥;最適用於壤土、綜合材料及輕石。地質為純粗砂的情況下如果只使用沖洗式鑽井,進度會有些緩慢:因為就較狹窄的鑽桿而言,鑽桿及井壁間的空隙相對之下較大而造成水流緩慢向上流,導致鑽井泥漿中的沙下沉速度比上升的快。在此情況下能簡單的以改變把手來將沖洗式改變至吸式鑽井。例子提供於影片內。也有特別設計的萬能鑽頭對吸式及沖洗式皆十分好用,且不會被石頭堵塞。

因為鑽孔會因水壓維持敞開狀態,為防止崩塌,整個鑽井及安裝過程中流體鑽孔需保持滿水狀態。一個20公尺的井,一、二桶水即足夠;或每公尺約10-20公升水。


優點 缺點
- 在細微至中等沙質中使用起來極快。

- 操作儀器簡單便宜。
- 無需使用機器。
- 無需使用電動泥泵及鑽塔。
- 可在地下水位下作業。
- 使用防腐、易取得及易處理之材料(聚乙烯與聚氯乙烯)。
- 維護成本低
- 低成本(含手泵每公尺約六美元)。此方法比起市面上最低成本的方法要經濟約十倍。
- 適用於有著類似土質的其他國家及區域。

- 一般受限於砂質土壤及軟黏土。

- 在鑽井工址需有足夠的水可供使用。
- 鑽孔徹夜敞開有崩塌危險。
- 工程比電動鑽井耗時。


建造工程、營運及維護

軟黏土最易鑽鑿,在適宜條件之下,以此土質一天內可鑽鑿40公尺。包含清洗的水,每鑽鑿一公尺需10至20公升的水。一個20公尺的井只需一、二桶水即足夠。

鑽井是一項不間斷的作業:在鑽鑿工作完成或被中斷之前,鑽頭通常不能從鑽孔上移除。按照插入鑽桿的比例,固定另一個長3/4吋(19毫米)、有著強化螺紋之金屬管。以手動泥泵將鑽井泥漿(普通黏土的懸浮物或密度適中的皂土所成的泥)經由鑽桿抽空。鑽井泥漿回升時會帶著碎裂的材料。沙及小石頭會沈澱於地上挖的沈澱區域,泥土則會經由泵再循環利用。

衝擊式作業為:以槓桿將鑽頭抬起,安裝在鑽塔上再使其落下。接下來,鑽頭的兩頭各旋轉半圈,加強其研磨作用。

鑽鑿而成的洞直徑約為兩呎,便宜的1又1/2吋(39毫米)聚氯乙烯管則作為井的套管。這能容納1又1/4吋的聚氯乙烯活塞泵。但如有需要,井的上半部(比最低預期水位低一公尺) 可擴大至能容納直徑稍大的泵。

因為整個鑽桿為金屬製,鑽頭的重量會隨著深度線性增加。因此井越深,行程越重 (行程長度被槓桿限制為30公分)。

不需使用臨時套管。越接近理想的深度,以逐漸注射低密度的泥土將鑽井泥漿從洞內移除。但如出現不穩定的分層,此稀釋行為可能造成井在裝套前崩塌。在此情況下,最好在井內先以泥裝套然後澆入或注入水進套管內排空泥土(反洗)。

完整的設備可於當地的任何弧焊工廠建造,材料在一般五金行即可購買。


設立輕量級鑽塔。
安裝用來控制鑽桿上下移動的操作桿。
鑽井過程中:一人執行操作桿,另一人操縱及旋轉鑽桿,第三人則操縱泥泵。
置入EMAS的彈性泵。
打濕泵基部之水泥。
封起泥泵。
井的濾管以鋸子切出縫隙,尾端加蓋。之後,將一隻襪子纏繞於濾管上。
井裝上濾管後接著使用特殊工具開發。

花費

適用於最深30公尺之EMAS鑽井設備,在玻利維亞造價約為600至800美元。此花費也包含鑽塔、泥泵及所有用於營運及維護鑽井的罕見工具。

多數情況下,管井結合了EMAS手泵。在玻利維亞,每公尺的總成本在4至10美元之間,包含勞力、材料、手泵,以及一年保固。而標準價格則為每公尺5至6美元。

此價格以三部分來計算。以6美元為基準,2美元為材料及手泵費(如果井深為20公尺則包含水泵),2美元為兩名鑽井工人之薪資(包含維護器具費用),2美元作為儲備基金以應對沒水、只有鹹水、或是鑽井錯誤以致鑽桿壞損或裝錯過濾套等情況。一般而言,5美元的價格會附加一年保固,以防使用四個星期後有留下沙子的情況。

玻利維亞的井深平均約27公尺,含EMAS手泵成本約180美元。此價格使得農村能加建井的蓋子,市鎮政府及家庭們因而能有飲用水。

實地經驗

EMAS方法多使用於玻利維亞、巴拿馬、厄瓜多爾、巴拉圭、巴西、秘魯、宏都拉斯、尼加拉瓜、薩爾瓦多、瓜地馬拉、厄立特里亞及斯里蘭卡。

指南、影片及連結

EMAS製作了一套DVD,內容包含EMAS鑽井及其他低成本的供水技術。如需訂購此DVD,請來信至[email protected][email protected]聯絡位於玻利維亞的沃夫岡・布赫納。

EMAS手工鑽井是以手鑽鑿小孔徑管井的方法,融合了沖激鑽探、衝擊鑽法以及迴旋鑽井技術。這使各種鬆土、綜合材料及輕石皆可被鑽鑿到。但鑽槓無法穿過硬原岩及卵礫石(如:地下的古老河床)。管井直徑一般為37毫米。影片由沃夫岡・布赫納製作。

鑽井-EMAS標準方法
第一部份
鑽井-EMAS標準方法
第二部份
吸式鑽井的變化到
EMAS標準方法第一部份
鑽井-軟泥法與臨時套管
第一部份
鑽井- 軟泥法與臨時套管
第二部份
鑽井- 軟泥法與臨時套管
第三部分

其他資料來源

感謝