水力喷射 — 综述
水力喷射是基于水循环和水压原理的一种方法。与生成淤泥相反，这一方法是将水泵到钻管下方，将“泥浆”（水与钻屑）向上输送至钻管和井壁之间的探孔中。并且，运用马达泵来获得适当的水流。钻管可能只有一端有开口，或者可以增加一个钻头。可使用部分或完全转动的钻管。也可在水中加增稠剂（添加剂），防止洞口塌陷并减少作业用水（钻井液）的流失。
水力喷射法的使用方式多样。最简易的是利用马达泵制造水压，将塑料管压下（不用钻头或旋转，而利用水流将沙子喷射上来），但深度有限（无钻头或可伸长的管子）。其它方法利用了可伸长的塑料管或电镀管，使用钻头，且在钻井中进行旋转。使用这些方法，可以达到更深的深度。
适宜条件
适用于粘着力弱的沙和淤泥。手动水力喷射法通常适用的最深深度为35米。
| 优势 | 不足 |
|---|---|
| - 在细砂或中粒砂的地质构造中，钻井很快。 |
- 通常仅限用于沙质土壤。虽然也可以穿透软质黏土，但是速度非常慢，而且粗碎石及其它透水性强的物质（地质构造中的裂隙）会导致钻井用水流失，因而无法钻井。由于水压作用，探孔会保持敞开。为了防止塌陷，利用液体钻取的探孔在整个钻井和装井过程中必须保持满水状态。 - A large amount of working water needs to be available on the drilling location (several 200 liter drums/hour). The drilling and well installation needs to be done on the same day. Leaving the borehole open during the night has a high risk of collapsing.钻井点需要大量的作业用水（每小时数桶200升的水）。钻井和装井需要在同一天完成。如果留下探孔敞开过夜则很可能有塌陷的风险。 |
建造、运作与维护
All drilling equipment, except the motor pump and some valves, is locally produced.除了马达泵和一些阀门外，所有的钻井设备都由当地生产。
实地经验
水力喷射法主要用于尼日尔、乍得、马达加斯加、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、布基纳法索、乌干达、肯尼亚、苏丹、贝宁、斯里兰卡和一些西方国家。
指南、视频与链接
- CONSULTANCY SERVICES: QUALITY ASSURANCE OF UNICEF DRILLING PROGRAMES FOR BOREHOLES IN MALAWI UNICEF, 2011.
- Robert Vuik, Jetting: Manual Drilling Series, TECHNICAL TRAINING HANDBOOK ON AFFORDABLE MANUAL WELL DRILLING. Practica Foundation, June 2010. French version: FORAGE AU LANCAGE A L’EAU.
- Lifewater Resources on hydrogeology, well construction, all drilling techniques, hand pumps and more. Lifewater Canada, update 2004.
- Manuals on Percussion drilling, well construction, manufacturing tools. Cliff Missen, Wellspring Africa, draft 4.
- Professionalization of Manual Drilling in Ghana. Ghana WASH Project, Ghana.
- Wells Construction: Hand dug and Hand drilled. Richard Brush, Peace Corps 1980.
- Self-help wells. R.G. Koegel, FAO 1985.
- Shallow Wells. DHV Consulting Engineers, 1978.
- Human-Powered Drilling Technologies. Richard Carter, Cranfield University, 2005.
- Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps. Peter Wurzel, SKAT Switzerland, 2001 - A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development.
- Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa. M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques.
- Technical note 43. Simple drilling methods. Bob Elson and Rod Shaw, WEDC.
- A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series. UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementation.
- Technology notes, section 7; Tube wells and boreholes. WaterAid - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies.
- Water for the World, Technical note series rws 2: Designing Jetted Wells. USAID 1982 - Developing groundwater and manual drilling techniques.
- Understanding low-cost Well Drilling. Stephen Greenwood, Technical paper 61, VITA - Manuals on well-drilling.
- Lots of articles on Jetting. Rural Water Supply Network.
- PAT-Drill - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.
- Lone Star Bit - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.
- Deep Rock - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.
- Drillingfab. - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.
鸣谢
- 43. 简易钻井方法. WEDC.
