Examine individual changes

{{#ev:youtube|lSRe3BDT3Ao|200|right|<center><font size="2">Sustainability challenges of <br>the Ghana water sector</font></center>}} {{#ev:youtube|Bwlmp0iohgc|200|right|<center><font size="2">Funds allocation - local government</font></center>}} <font size="3" color=#454545>Capacity support refers to on-going support activities towards water service authorities (typically local governments) to enable them to fulfill their role (planning, monitoring, regulation, etc.) in sustaining rural water services. This may also include the provision of technical assistance and training of service authority staff around the key functions for which they are responsible.</font> ===Why is it important for sustainable services at scale?=== A growing number of governments in developing countries have devolved the responsibility for water and sanitation services to local government. Whilst it is recognised that capacity support is critical to successful [[Decentralisation|decentralisation]], in practice, the type of support required has been lacking, resulting in a vicious circle of low capacity and service delivery failure. ===Chronic problems=== Triple-S country studies point to chronic capacity problems across all areas of local government in countries where local governments struggle to carry out even basic functions related to the provision of rural water services. One consequence is a low level of trust or confidence on the part of national authorities, which hampers efforts towards further decentralisation. National policies of decentralisation to local authorities have often not been backed up with adequate capacity development and resources to support the new responsibilities that include many roles, including provision of water and sanitation services. '''Capacity challenges at the local level broadly fall in three categories:''' * Technical skills required to fulfill the new set of responsibilities, * Structural human resource weaknesses facing public administration in general * Broader institutional limitations shaped by patchy and limited funding mechanisms. ===Various approaches to strengthening capacity=== A number of support modalities can be identified ranging in support from central government directly, to support contracted out from central government or horizontal support. '''Support from Central government''' is the most common arrangement. In Uganda Technical Support Units provide support to all Districts; in South Africa the decentralised offices of the Department of Water Affairs have set up ‘one stop shops’ to ensure Water Service Authorities have access to specialist expertise and meet performance targets. '''Peer-support or “horizontal learning”''' is common in Honduras and Bolivia where municipalities join forces to contract specific expertise. '''Support contracted out from central government''' to specialised training centres. ===Recommendations=== * Long term funding is required to provide capacity support to local government * Functions of all actors should be clarified following decentralisation process * Local government should be incentivised by linking performance to funding and tailored-made technical support. ===Field experiences=== The following projects are making use of capacity support: {{RSR table |1image= project 477.png|1link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/477/ |1project#=477|1project name=Creating an enabling environment for WASH| |2image= project 495.png|2link= http://rsr.akvo.org/project/495/|2project#= 495|2project name= Sustainable progress in WASH| |3image= project 767.png|3link= http://rsr.akvo.org/project/767/|3project#= 767|3project name=Access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene| |4image= rsr 388.jpg|4link= http://rsr.akvo.org/project/388/|4project#= 388|4project name= WASH Alliance project, AMREF in Ethiopia| |5image= project 392.png|5link= http://rsr.akvo.org/project/392/|5project#= 392|5project name= GLOW-Guided learning on Water and Sanitation| }} {{RSR table |1image= project 533.jpg|1link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/533/ |1project#=533|1project name=Support on WASH - in Miyo woreda| |2image= project 398.png|2link= http://rsr.akvo.org/project/398/|2project#= 398|2project name= Rainwater Harvesting Capacity Center| |3image= rsr 351.jpg|3link= http://rsr.akvo.org/project/351/|3project#= 351|3project name=Cost effective means of financing WASH| |4image= project 555.png|4link= http://rsr.akvo.org/project/555/|4project#= 555|4project name= WASH <br>Media Forum| |5image= project 468.png|5link= http://rsr.akvo.org/project/468/|5project#= 468|5project name= PHAST <br>project| }} {{RSR table |1image= project 456.jpg|1link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/456/ |1project#=456|1project name=Partnership in WASH services delivery| |2image= project 572.png|2link= http://rsr.akvo.org/project/572/|2project#= 572|2project name= Introducing 3R in impact areas of DWA| |3image= project 469.png|3link= http://rsr.akvo.org/project/469/|3project#= 469|3project name=Implementing an IWRM process in Mashuru| |4image= project 559.png|4link= http://rsr.akvo.org/project/559/|4project#= 559|4project name= Promoting sustainable access to WASH services| |5image= project 366.png|5link= http://rsr.akvo.org/project/366/|5project#= 366|5project name= WASH Sustainability through Women Led MFI| }} ===Selected references, tools and templates=== * Lockwood, H., Kang. M, 2012. [http://www.ircwash.org/news/wash-sector-devolution-and-decentralisation-malawi Closing the gap] : WASH sector devolution and decentralisation in Malawi. * WASH Cost, November 2011. [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/arrangements-and-cost-providing-support-rural-water-service-providers Working paper 5], Arrangements and cost of providing support to rural water service providers * [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/084-201502triple-s_bn08defweb.pdf Capacity support to local government] and [https://www.ircwash.org/resources/briefing-notes-series-building-blocks-sustainability building block summary sheets] ===Other links=== * [http://www.pact-mali.org/ PACT: Support programme to local government in Mali (in French)] * [http://web.archive.org/web/20140923152315/http://www.mvula.co.za:80/focus_areas/supporting_local_government/ The Mvula Trust: various local capacity support programs] * [http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/001_capacity_development.pdf IRC Symposium: Strengthening capacity for local "WASH" governance] * [http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=2057&alt=1%E2%80%8E UN-HABITAT: Capacity building for water and sanitation services delivery in small towns] * [http://horizontallearning.net/Files/12092012010948pmLGIs_Capacity_Building_on_WSHP_19_Sep_2007.pdf WSP: Strengthening capacities of Union Parishads in Bangladesh for water supply - sanitation - hygiene sector] * [http://www.delog.org/cms/upload/pdf/giving_local_government_a_more_central_place_in_development.pdf WSP: Giving the local government a more central place in development: An examination of donor support for decentralisation] ===Acknowledgements=== * [http://www.waterservicesthatlast.org/resources/building_blocks/support_to_local_government Support to local government]. Water Services That Last. IRC. : [[File:IRC logo.png|left|60px|alt=IRC logo.gif|link=http://www.irc.nl/]] __NOTOC__ <small-title />