手钻-常规

正在使用手钻钻井

手钻适合疏松地层，如泥沙和软土。硬土、硬材料和砂砾不容易或不可能被其凿穿或移动（除非联合使用螺旋钻和冲击钻).

手钻包含可伸缩的钢条，钢条可由把手旋转。钢条的底端可以绑上许多不同的螺旋钻（钻头）。通过旋转将手钻钻入地下，直到完全进入地下，然后抽出手钻，将其清空。每一种地层可以使用一种不同的手钻。手钻可以使用重型三脚架及绞车 (例如三脚架钻井机), 或使用较轻的材料制成。

高于地下水位时，井眼通常不会闭合而且无需支撑。可能需要在低于水位处使用一个临时的PVC管套来防止该洞塌陷，而且可用手钻或捞砂筒来掏空。然后移除临时管套，同时安装永久性的水井管套。

另一种方式是使用水井管套作为永久性管套来支撑井眼，因此便不能使用砾石填充。

适宜条件

手钻使用临时管套

根据地质条件，手钻可钻至15-25米深。

优势	劣势
- 在高于地下水位时易于使用。	- 可能很难移除临时管套。如果渗透了黏土层，管套会黏住土，因此很难使用临时管套。 - 如果易陷砂层在黏土层之下（临时管套无法穿透），井眼可能会闭合。

修建、运作和维护

垂直钻洞需要一定技术。

所有的工具可以使用当地材料在当地制作，也可以在西方国家制作（但是价格更贵）。

供应商

• 制作手钻的工具可在当地制作。
• Chafagane Maiga (S/C BP: 10988 Niamey, Niger, Tel: +227 96 53 18 88) - 轻便有效的手钻设备。
• Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment - 手钻和冲击钻的钻孔设备和指南。
• Van Reekum Materials - 钻孔设备、手钻和冲击钻。

Different bailers and augers

实地经验

手钻在以下地方广泛使用：尼日尔、乍得、塞内加尔、冈比亚、乌干达、津巴布韦、坦桑尼亚、尼日利亚、中美洲和一些西方国家。

指南、视频和链接

• Julien Labas and Robert Vuik, Augering: 螺旋钻井: 人工钻井系列. 廉价人工钻井技术培训手册. Practica Foundation. June 2010. 法语版: LA TARIERE MANUELLE: Série forage manuel.

• Jonathan Naugle, Hand Augered Garden Wells. Lutheran World Relief, third edition 1996. This is a manual on hand augering, well construction, and manufacturing tools.

• Drilling & well construction reference manual. Lifewater Canada, update 2004. This is a manual on hydrogeology, well construction, all drilling techniques, hand pumps and more. Other information can be found on the website of Livewater.

• Koegel, R. (1985), Self Help Wells, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper. FAO, Rome.

• Carter, R. C. (2005) Human-Powered Drilling Technologies. An overview of human-powered drilling technologies for shallow, small diameter well construction and domestic or agricultural water supply]. Silsoe College, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK.

• Private Sector Participation in Low Cost Water Well Drilling. Cranfield University, 2001. Article on private sector participation in low cost water well drilling in Africa.

• Rural Water Supply Network - Useful network and website for information and downloads related to Rural Water Technologies - Hand drilled wells. General website.

• Peter Wurzel, Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps. Skat, Switzerland, 2001. A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development. Website of SKAT

• M. Sonau, Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa. FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques. Website of FAO documents.

• Bob Elson and Rod Shaw, Technical note 43. Simple drilling methods. WEDC. An overview of simple drilling methods. Website of Loughborough University Technical Briefs section. Website of Loughborough University WELLS.

• A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series. UNICEF, 1999. Programming and implementation.

• Technology notes, section 7: Tube wells and boreholes. WaterAid. An overview of human-powered drilling technologies. Website of Wateraid.org.

• Water for the World, Technical note series rws 2, USAID 1982 - Technical notes on methods of developing of groundwater, manual drilling techniques. Website Livewater International.

• Multi-service procedures for well-drilling operations. US Military. Alternative well construction and manual drilling techniques.

Acknowledgements

• The basis for the material on this page was obtained from a desk study shortly to be published on the website of the Practica Foundation, and from the Rural Water Supply Network, and specifically its manual drilling section.
• 43. Simple drilling methods. WEDC.