水力喷射 — 综述

水力喷射是基于水循环和水压原理的一种方法。与生成淤泥相反，这一方法是将水泵到钻管下方，将“泥浆”（水与钻屑）向上输送至钻管和井壁之间的探孔中。并且，运用马达泵来获得适当的水流。钻管可能只有一端有开口，或者可以增加一个钻头。可使用部分或完全转动的钻管。也可在水中加增稠剂（添加剂），防止洞口塌陷并减少作业用水（钻井液）的流失。

水力喷射法的使用方式多样。最简易的是利用马达泵制造水压，将塑料管压下（不用钻头或旋转，而利用水流将沙子喷射上来），但深度有限（无钻头或可伸长的管子）。其它方法利用了可伸长的塑料管或电镀管，使用钻头，且在钻井中进行旋转。使用这些方法，可以达到更深的深度。

适宜条件

手动旋转的水力喷射法

典型钻头

适用于粘着力弱的沙和淤泥。手动水力喷射法通常适用的最深深度为35米。

优势	不足
- 在细砂或中粒砂的地质构造中，钻井很快。	- 通常仅限用于沙质土壤。虽然也可以穿透软质黏土，但是速度非常慢，而且粗碎石及其它透水性强的物质（地质构造中的裂隙）会导致钻井用水流失，因而无法钻井。由于水压作用，探孔会保持敞开。为了防止塌陷，利用液体钻取的探孔在整个钻井和装井过程中必须保持满水状态。 - 钻井点需要大量的作业用水（每小时数桶200升的水）。钻井和装井需要在同一天完成。如果留下探孔敞开过夜则很可能有塌陷的危险。 - 使用大量水、利用钻井液使钻井更深以及运用马达泵都会使设备成本相对高昂。

建造、运作与维护

水力喷射法。图片来源：WEDC.

All drilling equipment, except the motor pump and some valves, is locally produced.除了马达泵和一些阀门外，所有的钻井设备都由当地生产。

实地经验

水力喷射法主要用于尼日尔、乍得、马达加斯加、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、布基纳法索、乌干达、肯尼亚、苏丹、贝宁、斯里兰卡和一些西方国家。

指南、视频与链接

• CONSULTANCY SERVICES: QUALITY ASSURANCE OF UNICEF DRILLING PROGRAMES FOR BOREHOLES IN MALAWI UNICEF, 2011.

• Robert Vuik, Jetting: Manual Drilling Series, TECHNICAL TRAINING HANDBOOK ON AFFORDABLE MANUAL WELL DRILLING. Practica Foundation, June 2010. French version: FORAGE AU LANCAGE A L’EAU.

• Lifewater Resources on hydrogeology, well construction, all drilling techniques, hand pumps and more. Lifewater Canada, update 2004.

• Manuals on Percussion drilling, well construction, manufacturing tools. Cliff Missen, Wellspring Africa, draft 4.

• Professionalization of Manual Drilling in Ghana. Ghana WASH Project, Ghana.

• Wells Construction: Hand dug and Hand drilled. Richard Brush, Peace Corps 1980.

• Self-help wells. R.G. Koegel, FAO 1985.

• Shallow Wells. DHV Consulting Engineers, 1978.

• Human-Powered Drilling Technologies. Richard Carter, Cranfield University, 2005.

• Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps. Peter Wurzel, SKAT Switzerland, 2001 - A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development.

• Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa. M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques.

• Technical note 43. Simple drilling methods. Bob Elson and Rod Shaw, WEDC.

• A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series. UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementation.

• Technology notes, section 7; Tube wells and boreholes. WaterAid - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies.

• Water for the World, Technical note series rws 2: Designing Jetted Wells. USAID 1982 - Developing groundwater and manual drilling techniques.

• Understanding low-cost Well Drilling. Stephen Greenwood, Technical paper 61, VITA - Manuals on well-drilling.

• Lots of articles on Jetting. Rural Water Supply Network.

• PAT-Drill - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.

• Lone Star Bit - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.

• Deep Rock - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.

• Drillingfab. - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.

鸣谢

• 43. 简易钻井方法. WEDC.