വിവിധോപയോഗ ജല സേവനങ്ങള്‍ (MUS)
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വിവിധോപയോഗ ജല സേവനങ്ങള്‍ (MUS - Multiple-use water services) ജലസേവന രംഗത്തെ ഒരു നൂതന ആശയമാണ്. ദാരിദ്ര്യ നിര്‍മ്മാര്‍ജ്ജനത്തിനുതകുന്ന തരം മുതല്‍മുടക്കുകള്‍ക്കുള്ള സാധ്യതകള്‍ക്ക് വഴിതെളിക്കുന്നതോടൊപ്പം നഗരപ്രാന്ത പ്രദേശങ്ങളിലും ഗ്രാമപ്രദേശങ്ങളിലും സ്ത്രീ-പുരുഷ സമത്വത്തിനും വഴിയൊരുക്കുന്ന ആശയമാണിത്. ജനങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് വിവിധ ആവശ്യങ്ങള്‍ക്കായി വെള്ളം ലഭിക്കുന്ന തരത്തില്‍ പുതിയ സംവിധാനങ്ങള്‍ രൂപകല്‍പ്പന ചെയ്യുകയും, നിലവിലുള്ളവ മെച്ചപ്പെടുത്തുകയുമാണ് (MUS) ചെയ്യുന്നത്. ആഗോളാടിസ്ഥാനത്തില്‍, പൊതുവേ വെള്ളം ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നവര്‍ എല്ലാം തന്നെ വിവിധാവശ്യങ്ങള്‍ക്കായുള്ള ജലസേചനത്തിന് ഗാര്‍ഗിക സംവിധാനങ്ങളാണുപയോഗിക്കുന്നത്. അവ നിയമസാധുതയുള്ള സംവിധാനങ്ങളായിരിക്കാം, അല്ലായിരിക്കാം. By planning for these multiple uses, many more benefits from investments in infrastructure can be realized: health, freedom from domestic chores, food and income and gender equity.
Multiple-use water services is a holistic approach to
sustainable water services that improves health and livelihoods.
Homestead-scale MUS: 50 – 200 litres per capita per day
വീടിനരുകിലോ, പറമ്പിലോ, പരിസരപ്രദേശത്തോ ജലലഭ്യത ഉണ്ടായിരിക്കുമ്പോള്‍ സാധാരണഗതിയില്‍ ഗാര്‍ഹികാവശ്യങ്ങള്‍ക്കും ഉല്‍പാദനപരമായ ആവശ്യങ്ങള്‍ക്കും ആ വെള്ളമാണുപയോഗിക്കുക പതിവ്. ജലലഭ്യതയും ജലോപയോഗവും തമ്മിലുള്ള ഈ പ്രായോഗികമായ പരസ്പരബന്ധത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് മള്‍ട്ടിപ്പിള്‍ യൂസ് വാട്ടര്‍ ലാഡറില്‍ പ്രതിപാദിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. The policy recommendation is to enable poor people ‘to climb the water ladder’ and to provide 50-200 liters per capita per day. ut of this, 3-5 liters per capita per day should be safe for drinking. Income generated enable repayment of most multiple-use systems investments within three years. Homestead-scale MUS is especially beneficial for women, who are disproportionately responsible for domestic water supplies and tend to have a stronger say over homestead production. The land-poor, who only have access to homestead land, also benefit.
സാമൂഹിക പരിമാണത്തിലുള്ള MUS: പ്രാദേശിക തല ഏകീകൃത ജലവിഭവ നിര്‍വഹണം
Here MUS takes communities as entry point of water services. It holistically considers their multiple water uses (domestic, irrigation, animal watering, tree-growing, fisheries, enterprises, ceremonies, environment) from multiple water sources (rain, surface water, groundwater, wetlands) at multiple sites (homesteads, fields, open access). This integrated water resource management at the local level is (potentially) considerably more cost-effective and sustainable than single-use water services.
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|
| - Gender-friendly, because the needs of both men and women are considered. - Enhancing willingness and ability to pay, which helps financing of public schemes and upscaling of self-financed schemes. |
- Most water sector projects are not organised to include multiple use, so planning is "new territory" for some. - Sometimes when multiple use ideas are outside of the original water project plan, they are prevented, declared "illegal" with fines. |
What does a multiple-use water service look like?
Once you understand the people, their needs and desires, and the sources, you can design an integrated water service with supporting health and livelihood components. How do you decide on the right combination of technologies and supporting programs?
1. Water: Multiple-use water services are not about just repeating the same technology throughout a community. Choosing the right technology can be an important part of creating a successful and sustainable service by enabling a community to use the right technology for the right uses. Equally important is choosing the right supporting programs (governance, management, and training), that will enable long-term sustainability of the water services.
A key element of support programs is management. Work with water users to design a management structure that takes into account their resources and constraints. Some options for a management structure are community (management by committee or delegation to an entrepreneur or enterprise) or private (management by individual, household, or small group).
2. Health: By only providing potable water, you can make a health impact. To the extent that project resources permit, designing additional Health Activities (hygiene, sanitation, and nutrition) can maximize the overall health impacts of the new water service. Information learned in the Assessment process along with the results from the Design of Water Services can inform which Health Activities to include in the project.
3. Livelihoods: Simply by providing holistic water services, livelihoods will be improved. To the extent that project resources permit, designing additional Livelihoods Activities (agriculture, livestock, trade) can broaden the impact of your project by increasing incomes and enabling access to opportunities like education.
പ്രായോഗികാനുഭവങ്ങള്‍
In Nepal, multiple-use water systems were introduced by Nepal Smallholder Market Initiative (SIMI), International Development Enterprise (IDE), and Winrock. The systems consist of collection tanks at springs or small streams diversions, which deliver water to a reservoir near a village by gravity flow through a pipe. These systems serve 10-40 households, which use the water both for domestic purposes and horticulture. The introduction of drip irrigation systems ensured an efficient use of the water and better plant growth. Sixty percent of drip irrigation users apply water from the domestic system.
RSR പ്രൊജക്ട്‌
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 WASH Media Forum |
സഹായഗ്രന്ഥം, വീഡിയോ, ലിങ്കുകള്‍
- PDF: A Guide to Multiple-Use Water Services. Winrock International.
- Multiple Use Water Services Group.
Water System (MUS) Program |
with a rope pump |
- IWMI report - Multiple-Use water services to advance the millennium development goals.
- Alberts, H. and Van der Zee, J. J. 2004. A multi-sectoral approach to sustainable rural water supply: The role of the rope pump in Nicaragua, and Robinson, P. Mathew, B., and Proudfoot, D. 2004. Productive water strategies for poverty reduction in Zimbabwe. Both in: Beyond domestic. Case studies on poverty and productive uses of water at the household level. IRC Technical Papers Series 41.
- Polak, P. et al, 2004. Transforming access to rural water into profitable business opportunities. In Beyond domestic. Case studies on poverty and productive uses of water at the household level. IRC Technical Papers Series 41.
- Schouten, T.; Moriarty, P. 2003. Community water, community management – From system to service in rural areas. The Hague, The Netherlands: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre and ITDG
- IWMI report - Multiple-Use water services to advance the millennium development goals.
- Nepal (SIMI) Smallholder Market Initiative. 2004. Process and impact study of the multiple-use (hybrid) gravity water supply schemes in Palpa and Syangja Districts of West Nepal. Kathmandu: Eco-Tech consult (P) Ltd. S.
- Winrock factsheet, SIMI
- Taking a multiple-use approach to meeting the water needs of poor communities brings multiple benefits. IWMI (2006)
കൃതജ്ഞത
- Models For Implementing Multiple-Use Water Supply Systems For Enhanced Land And Water Productivity, Rural Livelihoods And Gender Equity – Multiple Use Systems (MUS). Ongoing research - CIGAR.
- A Guide to Multiple-Use Water Services. Winrock International.
