Centralized treatment
In this strategy, the population is supplied with drinking water from large, centralised water treatment plants. The treated water is piped to all the communities in the geographical area served by the treatment plant, thus requiring an extensive pipe network, so as to reach even the most remote communities. The treatment plants could be managed and operated by the larger municipalities or, more likely, by the Water Boards in that region. Generally, these plants should be well managed and operated effectively due to availability of sufficient O&M funds and qualified human resources.
However, implementation of large and centralised drinking water treatments in developing countries is highly unlikely due to investments, civil construction, maintenance of infrastructures and availability of chemicals that are required. As a consequence, people in many developing countries are forced to consume water directly from natural sources or apply household water treatments as chlorination, solar disinfection or boiling, that have low cost but variable effectiveness.
Acknowledgements
- J.M. Arnalà , B. Garcia-Fayos, G. Verdu, J. Lora. Ultrafiltration as an alternative membrane technology to obtain safe drinking water from surface water: 10 years of experience on the scope of the AQUAPOT project. Polytechnic University of Valencia, Chemical and Nuclear Engineering Department, Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia, Spain. May 2008.
