Difference between revisions of "Budidaya Kelapa Sawit Berkelanjutan / Ganoderma"

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[[Image:wageningen small.png|right|100px|link=http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/wageningen-university.htm]]
 
[[Image:wageningen small.png|right|100px|link=http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/wageningen-university.htm]]
  
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Download: [http://intothefield.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Module-5-3rd-edition-2016-08.pdf Module 5: Pests and Diseases]
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Unduh: [http://intothefield.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Module-5-3rd-edition-2016-08.pdf Modul 5: Hama dan Penyakit]
  
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===Background===
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===Latar belakang===
 
[[Image:oil-palm-5.7-figure1.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 11: ''Ganoderma'' infection]]
 
[[Image:oil-palm-5.7-figure1.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 11: ''Ganoderma'' infection]]
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''Ganoderma'', also known as basal or upper stem rot, is a fungal infection of the oil palm. In severe cases of a ''Ganoderma'' infection, the oil palm dies. Older plantations may have over 50 percent death rates in the event of a severe infestation. While there is no cure for a ''Ganoderma'' infection, the spreading of the infection can sometimes be limited through good management.  
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''Ganoderma'', juga dikenal sebagai basal stem rot atau busuk pangkal batang, merupakan infeksi jamur pada kelapa sawit. Pada kasus infeksi ''Ganoderma'' yang serius, bisa menyebabkan kematian pada pohon sawit. Perkebunan yang lebih tua memiliki lebih dari 50 persen tingkat kematian dalam kendala munculnya ''Ganoderma'' ini. Karena belum adanya metode penyembuhan untuk infeksi ''Ganoderma'' ini, penyebarannya bisa ditekan melalui manajemen yang baik.  
  
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''Ganoderma'' is spread in two ways:  
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''Ganoderma'' tersebar melalui 2 cara:  
  
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#Through soil by threads of fungus;
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#Melalui tanah dari adanya rangkaian jamur;
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#Through air by spores which come from a mushroom (bracket) that grows on the trunk of infected palms <ref>R.H.V. Corley, P.B. Tinker, The Oil Palm, fourth ed., Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK, 2003.</ref>.
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#Melalui udara dengan penyebaran spora yang berasal dari jamur (bracket) yang tumbuh pada batang sawit yang terinfeksi <ref>R.H.V. Corley, P.B. Tinker, The Oil Palm, fourth ed., Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK, 2003.</ref>.
  
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Not all infected palms have brackets on their trunk. When a palm is infected with ''Ganoderma'', different symptoms may be seen, such as a yellowing of the young leaves, an accumulation of several young unopened leaves (spear leaves) in the middle of the canopy, or a ring of dead fronds hanging down along the trunk (see: [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-5.7-figure1.png Figure 11]).  
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Tidak semua sawit yang terinfeksi memiliki bracket pada batangnya. Jika satu pohon sawit terinfeksi oleh ''Ganoderma'', gejala yang berbeda dapat dilihat, seperti menguningnya daun muda, akumulasi beberapa daun muda yang tumbuhnya tidak terbuka (daun tombak) di tengah-tengah kanopi, atau selingkar pelepah sengkleh yang tergantung memutar pada batang (lihat: [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-5.7-figure1.png Gambar 11]).  
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Sometimes palms will stay productive even though they show signs of ''Ganoderma'', but often they die within a year.
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Biasanya, sawit masih akan tetap produktif meskipun memperlihatkan gejala infeksi ''Ganoderma'', namun akan mati dalam kurun waktu setahun.
  
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===Goal===
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===Tujuan===
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To minimise the spread of ''Ganoderma'' through a plantation
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Untuk meminimalisir penyebaran ''Ganoderma'' di areal perkebunan
  
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===Standard===
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===Standarisasi===
 
[[Image:oil-palm-5.7-figure2.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 12: ''Ganoderma'' bracket]]
 
[[Image:oil-palm-5.7-figure2.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 12: ''Ganoderma'' bracket]]
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* Brackets (see: [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-5.7-figure2.png Figure 12]) are taken from the infected palms and destroyed;
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* Bracket (lihat: [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-5.7-figure2.png Gambar 12]) disingkirkan dari sawit yang terinfeksi dan dihancurkan;
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* Soil is mounted around the base of infected palms;
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* Tanah di dasar pohon sawit yang terinfeksi diuruk melingkar mengitari pohon;
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* Dead palms are removed from the plantation and burned;
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* Pohon sawit yang mati disingkirkan dari dari areal perkebunan kemudian dibakar;
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* Remediation: Field is left without palms for at least 12 months after felling of old palms.
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* Remediasi: Lahan perkebunan didiamkan tanpa penanaman sawit setidaknya selama 12 bulan setelah pemotongan pohon sawit lama.
  
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===Equipment and materials===
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===Peralatan dan perlengkapan===
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* Bush knife (to cut off the brackets)
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* Parang (untuk memotong bracket dari pohon)
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* Chain saw
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* Gergaji mesin
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* Spade or digging machine
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* Sekop atau mesin penggali tanah
  
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===Timing===
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===Waktu pelaksanaan===
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* Removing brackets: As soon as they are observed;
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* Menyingkirkan bracket: sesegera mungkin setelah ditemukan;
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* Soil mounting: As soon as signs of ''Ganoderma'' infection are observed;
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* Pengurukan tanah: sesegera mungkin setelah ditemukan gejala infeksi ''Ganoderma'';
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* Remediation: After felling, before replanting.
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* Remediasi: setelah penebangan, sebelum penanaman kembali.
  
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===Frequency===
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===Frekuensi===
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Depends on the frequency and speed of new infections.
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Tergantung pada tingkat munculnya dan kecepatan infeksi baru yang muncul.
  
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===Labour time required===
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===Kebutuhan waktu tenaga kerja===
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* Removal of brackets: A few minutes per palm;
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* Menyingkirkan bracket: beberapa menit per sawit;
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* Soil piling: 30 minutes per palm;
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* Pengurukan tanah: 30 menit per sawit;
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* Cutting and removing palms: Several hours per palm, depending on the available equipment.
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* Penebangan dan pembuangan pohon sawit: beberapa jam per sawit, tergantung dari peralatan yang tersedia.
  
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===Who===
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===Tenaga kerja===
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Farmers and their families or hired labourers.
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Para petani beserta keluarganya atau karyawan harian lepas.
  
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===How===
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===Cara pelaksanaan===
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To control ''Ganoderma'' follow these steps:
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Untuk mengendalikan ''Ganoderma'', ikuti langkah-langkah berikut:
 
{| style="border: 1px solid #72CDFF" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"  
 
{| style="border: 1px solid #72CDFF" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"  
 
|width="15%" valign="top"|'''Step 1.'''
 
|width="15%" valign="top"|'''Step 1.'''

Revision as of 13:20, 3 January 2018

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Unduh: Modul 5: Hama dan Penyakit

Latar belakang

Figure 11: Ganoderma infection

Ganoderma, juga dikenal sebagai basal stem rot atau busuk pangkal batang, merupakan infeksi jamur pada kelapa sawit. Pada kasus infeksi Ganoderma yang serius, bisa menyebabkan kematian pada pohon sawit. Perkebunan yang lebih tua memiliki lebih dari 50 persen tingkat kematian dalam kendala munculnya Ganoderma ini. Karena belum adanya metode penyembuhan untuk infeksi Ganoderma ini, penyebarannya bisa ditekan melalui manajemen yang baik.

Ganoderma tersebar melalui 2 cara:

  1. Melalui tanah dari adanya rangkaian jamur;
  2. Melalui udara dengan penyebaran spora yang berasal dari jamur (bracket) yang tumbuh pada batang sawit yang terinfeksi 1.

Tidak semua sawit yang terinfeksi memiliki bracket pada batangnya. Jika satu pohon sawit terinfeksi oleh Ganoderma, gejala yang berbeda dapat dilihat, seperti menguningnya daun muda, akumulasi beberapa daun muda yang tumbuhnya tidak terbuka (daun tombak) di tengah-tengah kanopi, atau selingkar pelepah sengkleh yang tergantung memutar pada batang (lihat: Gambar 11). Biasanya, sawit masih akan tetap produktif meskipun memperlihatkan gejala infeksi Ganoderma, namun akan mati dalam kurun waktu setahun.

Tujuan

Untuk meminimalisir penyebaran Ganoderma di areal perkebunan

Standarisasi

Figure 12: Ganoderma bracket
  • Bracket (lihat: Gambar 12) disingkirkan dari sawit yang terinfeksi dan dihancurkan;
  • Tanah di dasar pohon sawit yang terinfeksi diuruk melingkar mengitari pohon;
  • Pohon sawit yang mati disingkirkan dari dari areal perkebunan kemudian dibakar;
  • Remediasi: Lahan perkebunan didiamkan tanpa penanaman sawit setidaknya selama 12 bulan setelah pemotongan pohon sawit lama.

Peralatan dan perlengkapan

  • Parang (untuk memotong bracket dari pohon)
  • Gergaji mesin
  • Sekop atau mesin penggali tanah

Waktu pelaksanaan

  • Menyingkirkan bracket: sesegera mungkin setelah ditemukan;
  • Pengurukan tanah: sesegera mungkin setelah ditemukan gejala infeksi Ganoderma;
  • Remediasi: setelah penebangan, sebelum penanaman kembali.

Frekuensi

Tergantung pada tingkat munculnya dan kecepatan infeksi baru yang muncul.

Kebutuhan waktu tenaga kerja

  • Menyingkirkan bracket: beberapa menit per sawit;
  • Pengurukan tanah: 30 menit per sawit;
  • Penebangan dan pembuangan pohon sawit: beberapa jam per sawit, tergantung dari peralatan yang tersedia.

Tenaga kerja

Para petani beserta keluarganya atau karyawan harian lepas.

Cara pelaksanaan

Untuk mengendalikan Ganoderma, ikuti langkah-langkah berikut:

Step 1. During harvesting or other field activities look at the palms carefully and note any yellowing or dying of leaves, or the appearance of brackets on the trunks. In particular, look for the following:
  • Several unopened new leaves (spear leaves) in the top of the crown;
  • A ring of dead or dying leaves hanging around the trunk;
  • General yellowing of the leaves;
  • Small-looking canopy;
  • Brackets forming on the trunk 2, 3
Step 2. If there are signs which might indicate Ganoderma, then check the trunk carefully at every harvesting round for signs of brackets. If brackets do not appear within a few weeks, then it is likely that they will not appear later on. If the palm has brackets, then these should be cut off, taken out of the plantation, and destroyed (burned).
Step 3. To slow the progress of the disease in the palm, it can help to mount soil around the base of palms which show early signs of infection. To do this make a heap of soil up to 75 cm high and 50 cm wide around the trunk. The disease progress should slow down.

Note: this option is labour-intensive and will probably not stop the disease in the end.

Step 4. To prevent spreading of the disease from root to root, plantations often remove sick palms entirely. For smallholders without chain saws or heavy machines, removing the palms can be very labour-intensive, so it is up to each farmer to decide if he wants to do this or not.

If the decision has been made to remove infected palms then follow these steps:

  • Fell all the palms that are dead or have brackets;
  • Cut the trunk into pieces;
  • Remove all pieces that show disease symptoms (blackening in the inside of the trunk) from the plantation and burn them;
  • Shred or cut the remaining pieces into smaller chips and leave those in the plantation to decompose. Note: If they are not cut into smaller pieces, they will become breeding sites for rhinoceros beetles!
  • Dig out the palm bole (i.e. the part of the roots directly under the base) by making a hole at least 50 cm deep. Spread the soil equally around the hole.
  • Remove the bole from the plantation and burn it.
  • Leave the hole open or fill it with clean soil from the inter-row.

Note: When Ganoderma symptoms are observed, the palm has already been infected for quite some time. Therefore, even when taking the measures described above, the disease can still spread. There is still much that is unclear about the best way to deal with Ganoderma, even though it is a very common and destructive disease. The best time to prevent Ganoderma is at the replanting stage. Currently, it is recommended to remove all diseased palms and also the roots and the soil from a 2x2-meter hole of 1-meter deep, and to wait at least one year before planting any new oil palms. The new palms should be planted where previously the frond piles and harvesting paths were located, as far from the previous planting holes as possible.

Data recording

Every disease control activity should be recorded in a logbook as shown in the example below.

Date Time Location Activity Input type Input amount Input costs Labour input Labour costs
People Hours
16/01/13 Field 3 Removing Ganoderma brackets 1 4 40000

References

  1. ↑ R.H.V. Corley, P.B. Tinker, The Oil Palm, fourth ed., Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK, 2003.
  2. ↑ I.R. Rankine, T.H. Fairhurst, Field Handbook: Oil Palm Series, Volume 3 – Mature, second ed., Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI), Singapore, 1999.
  3. ↑ G.F. Chung, Management of Ganoderma diseases in oil palm plantations, The Planter, 87 (2011) 325—339.

Acknowledgements

The material from Ganoderma is sourced from Smallholder Oil Palm Handbook and put together by Lotte Suzanne Woittiez (Wageningen Universit) and Haryono Sadikin, Sri Turhina, Hidayat Dani, Tri Purba Dukan, and Hans Smit (SNV) in August 2016. See Module 5: Pests and Diseases for more information.

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