Difference between revisions of "冲击钻井"
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| − | Percussion drilling is a manual drilling technique in which a heavy cutting or hammering bit attached to a rope or cable is lowered in the open hole or inside a temporary casing. The technique is often also referred to as 'Cable tool'. Usually a tripod is used to support the tools. By moving the rope or cable up and down, the cutting or hammering bit loosens the soil or consolidated rock in the borehole, which is then extracted later by using a bailer. Just as with [[hand auger - general|hand augering]], a temporary casing of steel or plastic may be used to prevent the hole from collapsing. When the permanent well screen and casing are installed, this temporary casing has to be removed. | + | Percussion drilling is a manual drilling technique in which a heavy cutting or hammering bit attached to a rope or cable is lowered in the open hole or inside a temporary casing. The technique is often also referred to as 'Cable tool'. Usually a tripod is used to support the tools. By moving the rope or cable up and down, the cutting or hammering bit loosens the soil or consolidated rock in the borehole, which is then extracted later by using a bailer. Just as with [[hand auger - general|hand augering]], a temporary casing of steel or plastic may be used to prevent the hole from collapsing. When the permanent well screen and casing are installed, this temporary casing has to be removed.冲击钻井是一种人工钻井技术，需将较重的开凿钻头或锤击钻头连接在绳子或缆绳上，降到凿洞中或临时的套管里。这一技术通常也指“绳索钻具”。一般会运用三脚架支撑工具。通过上下拉动绳索，钻头将探孔内的土壤或固结岩击松，随后用泥浆泵将其抽出。就像使用[[hand auger - general|手钻]]时那样，冲击钻井时可能会使用钢制或塑料的临时套管来防止凿洞塌陷。永久的井管滤网和套管安装完成后，临时套管必须移除。 |
===适宜条件=== | ===适宜条件=== | ||
| − | [[Image:Percussion drilling in action.jpg|thumb|right|200px| | + | [[Image:Percussion drilling in action.jpg|thumb|right|200px| 人们正在冲击钻井]] |
| − | [[Image:Weighted drill bit.jpg|thumb|right|200px| | + | [[Image:Weighted drill bit.jpg|thumb|right|200px| 载重的钻头]] |
Percussion drilling is suitable for unconsolidated and consolidated formations: Sand, silt, stiff clays, sandstone, laterite and gravel layers.冲击钻井适用于下列疏松或固结的构造：沙、淤泥、硬质黏土、砂岩、红土和砾石层。 | Percussion drilling is suitable for unconsolidated and consolidated formations: Sand, silt, stiff clays, sandstone, laterite and gravel layers.冲击钻井适用于下列疏松或固结的构造：沙、淤泥、硬质黏土、砂岩、红土和砾石层。 | ||
| − | Manual percussion drilling is generally used up to depths of 25 meters. | + | Manual percussion drilling is generally used up to depths of 25 meters.人工冲击钻井通常适用于最深为25米的井。 |
| − | Before drilling starts, it is good to analyse where the water might be. There are lots of clues to look for in WellSpringAfrica.org's [http://www.wellspringafrica.org/WebManual/chapter4.htm Selecting a Site.]钻井开始前，最好先分析水可能在何处。非洲泉源组织的网站（WellSpringAfrica. | + | Before drilling starts, it is good to analyse where the water might be. There are lots of clues to look for in WellSpringAfrica.org's [http://www.wellspringafrica.org/WebManual/chapter4.htm Selecting a Site.]钻井开始前，最好先分析水可能在何处。非洲泉源组织的网站（WellSpringAfrica.org）上提供了许多寻找水源时可用的线索。[http://www.wellspringafrica.org/WebManual/chapter4.htm 请选择网站。] |
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| − | | valign="top" | - Unlike any other drilling method, percussion can remove boulders and break harder formations, effectively and quickly through most types of earth. | + | | valign="top" | - Unlike any other drilling method, percussion can remove boulders and break harder formations, effectively and quickly through most types of earth.与其它钻井方式不同， 冲击钻井可以去除卵石并击碎更硬的地质构造，快速有效地穿过大多数地质种类。 <br> |
- Percussion drilling can in principle deal with most ground conditions.一般而言，冲击钻井能够应对大多数地质状况。<br> | - Percussion drilling can in principle deal with most ground conditions.一般而言，冲击钻井能够应对大多数地质状况。<br> | ||
- Can drill hundreds of feet (one well hand-drilled in China in 1923 was over 4000 feet deep).能够钻井几百英尺（中国一座1923年手工挖掘的井深达4000余英尺）。 <br> | - Can drill hundreds of feet (one well hand-drilled in China in 1923 was over 4000 feet deep).能够钻井几百英尺（中国一座1923年手工挖掘的井深达4000余英尺）。 <br> | ||
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| valign="top" | - The equipment can be very heavy and relatively expensive.钻井设备可能很重， 相对而言也较昂贵。<br> | | valign="top" | - The equipment can be very heavy and relatively expensive.钻井设备可能很重， 相对而言也较昂贵。<br> | ||
- Especially in harder rock the method is slow (weeks, rather than days).尤其当岩石更为坚硬时，这一钻井方法较慢（需要几周，而不仅是几天）。 <br> | - Especially in harder rock the method is slow (weeks, rather than days).尤其当岩石更为坚硬时，这一钻井方法较慢（需要几周，而不仅是几天）。 <br> | ||
| − | - When temporary casing has to be used, the time taken driving and removing it can significantly increase drilling time. | + | - When temporary casing has to be used, the time taken driving and removing it can significantly increase drilling time.在必须使用临时套管的情况下，花费在的装卸套管上的时间会大量增加钻井时间。<br> |
- Equipment costs are high and the method is slow (resulting in high cost / drilled meter).设备成本昂贵，且方法较慢（导致每米的钻井成本高昂）。 <br> | - Equipment costs are high and the method is slow (resulting in high cost / drilled meter).设备成本昂贵，且方法较慢（导致每米的钻井成本高昂）。 <br> | ||
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[[Image:Diagram of percussion drilling.jpg|thumb|right|200px| 冲击钻井图解]] | [[Image:Diagram of percussion drilling.jpg|thumb|right|200px| 冲击钻井图解]] | ||
| − | Equipment is commercially produced in western countries. Local production is possible. Percussion drilling is hard work. Use of a small engine may be appropriate. | + | Equipment is commercially produced in western countries. Local production is possible. Percussion drilling is hard work. Use of a small engine may be appropriate. 钻井设备在西方国家中进行商业化生产。当地产品亦可使用。冲击钻井是一种繁重的工作。可能需要适度使用小型发动机。 |
| − | The percussion drill can be powered by hand, with several men pulling on a rope to lift and drop the bit, or it can harness the power of an engine. It can take the form of a few pieces that can be transported in the trunk of a car and carried into remote villages, or it can be mounted on the bed of a truck and driven to the drill site. The drill parts can be bought from the numerous world-wide companies that make drilling tools or they can be made from readily available scrap steel and local materials. | + | The percussion drill can be powered by hand, with several men pulling on a rope to lift and drop the bit, or it can harness the power of an engine. It can take the form of a few pieces that can be transported in the trunk of a car and carried into remote villages, or it can be mounted on the bed of a truck and driven to the drill site. The drill parts can be bought from the numerous world-wide companies that make drilling tools or they can be made from readily available scrap steel and local materials. 冲击钻井可手工提供动力，由若干人拉绳来升降钻头，或由发动机来提供动力。可以将钻井工具拆分成几部分，便于放入汽车后备箱载入偏远的村庄，或架在卡车车厢上开往钻井现场。钻具零件可从全球多家钻具公司购得，或可用已有的废钢和当地材料制得。 |
====供应商==== | ====供应商==== | ||
Revision as of 12:40, 12 October 2015
Percussion drilling is a manual drilling technique in which a heavy cutting or hammering bit attached to a rope or cable is lowered in the open hole or inside a temporary casing. The technique is often also referred to as 'Cable tool'. Usually a tripod is used to support the tools. By moving the rope or cable up and down, the cutting or hammering bit loosens the soil or consolidated rock in the borehole, which is then extracted later by using a bailer. Just as with hand augering, a temporary casing of steel or plastic may be used to prevent the hole from collapsing. When the permanent well screen and casing are installed, this temporary casing has to be removed.冲击钻井是一种人工钻井技术，需将较重的开凿钻头或锤击钻头连接在绳子或缆绳上，降到凿洞中或临时的套管里。这一技术通常也指“绳索钻具”。一般会运用三脚架支撑工具。通过上下拉动绳索，钻头将探孔内的土壤或固结岩击松，随后用泥浆泵将其抽出。就像使用手钻时那样，冲击钻井时可能会使用钢制或塑料的临时套管来防止凿洞塌陷。永久的井管滤网和套管安装完成后，临时套管必须移除。
适宜条件
Percussion drilling is suitable for unconsolidated and consolidated formations: Sand, silt, stiff clays, sandstone, laterite and gravel layers.冲击钻井适用于下列疏松或固结的构造：沙、淤泥、硬质黏土、砂岩、红土和砾石层。
Manual percussion drilling is generally used up to depths of 25 meters.人工冲击钻井通常适用于最深为25米的井。
Before drilling starts, it is good to analyse where the water might be. There are lots of clues to look for in WellSpringAfrica.org's Selecting a Site.钻井开始前，最好先分析水可能在何处。非洲泉源组织的网站（WellSpringAfrica.org）上提供了许多寻找水源时可用的线索。请选择网站。
| 优势 | 不足 |
|---|---|
| - Unlike any other drilling method, percussion can remove boulders and break harder formations, effectively and quickly through most types of earth.与其它钻井方式不同， 冲击钻井可以去除卵石并击碎更硬的地质构造，快速有效地穿过大多数地质种类。 - Percussion drilling can in principle deal with most ground conditions.一般而言，冲击钻井能够应对大多数地质状况。 |
- The equipment can be very heavy and relatively expensive.钻井设备可能很重， 相对而言也较昂贵。 - Especially in harder rock the method is slow (weeks, rather than days).尤其当岩石更为坚硬时，这一钻井方法较慢（需要几周，而不仅是几天）。 |
建造、运作与维护
Equipment is commercially produced in western countries. Local production is possible. Percussion drilling is hard work. Use of a small engine may be appropriate. 钻井设备在西方国家中进行商业化生产。当地产品亦可使用。冲击钻井是一种繁重的工作。可能需要适度使用小型发动机。
The percussion drill can be powered by hand, with several men pulling on a rope to lift and drop the bit, or it can harness the power of an engine. It can take the form of a few pieces that can be transported in the trunk of a car and carried into remote villages, or it can be mounted on the bed of a truck and driven to the drill site. The drill parts can be bought from the numerous world-wide companies that make drilling tools or they can be made from readily available scrap steel and local materials. 冲击钻井可手工提供动力，由若干人拉绳来升降钻头，或由发动机来提供动力。可以将钻井工具拆分成几部分，便于放入汽车后备箱载入偏远的村庄，或架在卡车车厢上开往钻井现场。钻具零件可从全球多家钻具公司购得，或可用已有的废钢和当地材料制得。
供应商
- Eijkelkamp Agrisearch 设备 - Drilling equipment and manuals on hand auger and percussion gouges.钻井设备、手钻与冲击圆凿指南。
- Van Reekum 用具 - Drilling equipment, hand auger and percussion drilling.钻井设备、手钻及冲击钻具。
成本
For cost comparisons between hand drilling and percussion drilling: Wellspring Africa's Hand Powered Percussion Drill illustrates costs for materials, tools, and labour.如果想比较人工挖掘井与冲击钻井的成本，请点击：非洲泉源组织手动冲击钻井 阐明了材料、工具和人力成本。
实地经验
冲击钻井主要在尼日尔、尼日利亚、乍得、利比里亚、加纳、中美洲和一些西方国家使用。
指南、视频与链接
- Robert Vuik, Don de Koning and Arjen van der Wal. Percussion: Manual Drilling Series. Technical Training Handbook on Affordable Manual Well Drilling. Practica Foundation, June 2010. French version: FORAGE À LA PERCUSSION: Série forage manuel.
- Percussion Drilling. Different kinds of drills and connectors.
- Drilling Wells by Hand, Cliff Missen, Wellspring Africa, draft 4 - Manual on Percussion drilling, well construction, manufacturing tools. Website of WellspringAfrica
- KOEGEL, R. (1985) Self Help Wells, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, FAO, Rome.ISBN 92-5-100398-X html version.
- CARTER, R. C. (2005) Human-Powered Drilling Technologies. an overview of human-powered drilling technologies for shallow small diameter well construction, for domestic and agricultural water supply , Silsoe College , Cranfield University , Bedfordshire, UK Download
- Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps, Peter Wurzel, Skat, Switzerland, 2001 - A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development - Download. Website of SKAT
- Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa, M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques - website. Website of FAO documents.
- Technical note 43. Simple drilling methods, Bob Elson and Rod Shaw, WEDC - An overview of simple drilling methods Download. Website of Loughborough University Technical Briefs section. Website of Loughborough University WELLS.
- A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series, UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementation. Download.
- Technology notes, section 7; Tube wells and boreholes, WaterAid - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies. Download. Website of Wateraid.org.
- Water for the World, Technical note series rws 2, USAID 1982 - Technical notes on methods of developing of groundwater, manual drilling techniques. Website Livewater International. Under 'Cable Tool Wells'.
- Multi-service procedures for well-drilling operations, field manual chapter 9, US Military Chapter 9, alternative well construction, manual drilling techniques - Download.
鸣谢
- The basis for the material on this page was obtained from a desk study shortly to be published on the website of the Practica Foundation, and from the Rural Water Supply Network, and specifically its manual drilling section.
- 43. Simple drilling methods. WEDC.
