Difference between revisions of "水力喷射 — 综述"

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{{Language-box|english_link= Jetting - general | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon | hindi_link= Coming soon | malayalam_link= Coming soon | tamil_link= Coming soon | korean_link= Coming soon | chinese_link=水力喷射 — 综述 | indonesian_link= Coming soon | japanese_link= Coming soon }}
 
[[Image:Jetting icon.png|right|80px]]
 
[[Image:Jetting icon.png|right|80px]]
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Jetting is based on water circulation and water pressure. As opposed to sludging, water is pumped down the drill pipe and the ‘slurry’ (water and cuttings) is transported up the borehole between the drill pipe and the borehole wall. A motor pump is used to achieve an adequate water flow. The drill pipe may simply have an open end, or a drill bit can be added. Partial or full rotation of the drill pipe can be used. Thickeners (additives) can be added to the water in order to prevent hole collapse and reduce loss of working water (drill fluid).水力喷射是基于水循环和水压的一种方法。与生成淤泥相反，水被泵至钻管下方，“泥浆”（水与钻屑）被向上输送至钻管和井壁之间的探孔。运用马达泵来获得适当的水流。钻管可能只有一端有开口，或者可以增加一个钻头。可使用部分或完全转动钻管。可在水中加增稠剂（添加剂），防止洞口塌陷并降低钻井用水（钻井液）的流失。
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水力喷射是基于水循环和水压原理的一种方法。与生成淤泥相反，这一方法是将水泵到钻管下方，将“泥浆”（水与钻屑）向上输送至钻管和井壁之间的井眼中。并且，运用马达泵来获得适当的水流。钻管可只有一端有开口，或者可以增加一个钻头。可使用部分或完全转动的钻管。也可在水中加增稠剂（添加剂），防止洞口塌陷并减少作业用水（钻井液）的流失。
  
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Jetting is practiced in a wide range of varieties. The most simple consists of driving a plastic pipe down with water pressure from a motor pump (no drill bit and no rotation, with the water flow jetting the sand up). The depth is limited (no drill bit and extendable pipes). Other systems make use of extendable plastic or galvanized pipes and a drill bit and are rotated during drilling. With these systems greater depth can be reached.
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水力喷射法的使用方式多样。最简易的是利用马达泵制造水压，将塑料管压下（不用钻头或旋转，而利用水流将沙子喷射上来），但深度有限（无钻头或可伸长的管子）。其它方法利用了可伸长的塑料管或电镀管，使用钻头，且在钻井中进行旋转。使用这些方法，可以达到更深的深度。
  
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===Suitable conditions===
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===适宜条件===
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[[Image:Manually rotated jetting.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Manually rotated jetting]]
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[[Image:Manually rotated jetting.jpg|thumb|right|200px|手动旋转的水力喷射法]]
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[[Image:Typical drill bit.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Typical drill bit]]
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[[Image:Typical drill bit.jpg|thumb|right|200px|典型钻头]]
  
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Suitable for weakly cohesive sands and silts. Manual jetting is generally used up to depths of 35 meters.
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适用于粘着力弱的沙和淤泥。手动水力喷射法通常适用的最深深度为35米。
  
  
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
 
|-
 
|-
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! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages
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! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | 优势
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! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages
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! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | 不足
 
|-
 
|-
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| valign="top" | - Very quick in fine and medium sand formations.<br>
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| valign="top" | - 在细砂或中粒砂的地质构造中，钻井很快。<br>
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| valign="top" | - Generally limited to sandy soils. Soft clay will be penetrated only very slowly and coarse gravel and other highly permeable materials (cracks in the formation) cause loss of working water and cannot be drilled. The borehole stays open by water pressure. To prevent collapsing fluid-drilled boreholes must be kept full of water during the entire drilling and well installation process.<br>
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| valign="top" | - 通常仅限用于沙质土壤。虽然也可以穿透软质黏土，但是速度非常慢，而且粗碎石及其它透水性强的物质（地质构造中的裂隙）会导致钻井用水流失，因而无法钻井。由于水压作用，井眼会保持敞开。为了防止塌陷，利用液体钻取的井眼在整个钻井和装井过程中必须保持满水状态。<br>
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- A large amount of working water needs to be available on the drilling location (several 200 liter drums/hour). The drilling and well installation needs to be done on the same day. Leaving the borehole open during the night has a high risk of collapsing.<br>
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- 钻井点需要大量的作业用水（每小时数桶200升的水）。钻井和装井需要在同一天完成。如果留下井眼敞开过夜则很可能有塌陷的危险。<br>
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- The use of large quantities of water, the use of drilling fluids to greater depths and a motor pump make the equipment cost relatively high. <br>
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- 使用大量水、利用钻井液更深入钻井，及运用马达泵都会使设备成本相对高昂。<br>
 
|}
 
|}
  
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===Construction, operations and maintenance===
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===建造、运作与维护===
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[[Image:Jetting.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Jetting. Credit: WEDC.]]
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[[Image:Jetting.jpg|thumb|right|200px|水力喷射法。图片来源：WEDC.]]
  
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All drilling equipment, except the motor pump and some valves, is locally produced.
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除了马达泵和一些阀门外，所有的钻井设备都由当地生产。
  
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===Field experiences===
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===实地经验===
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Jetting is mainly used in Niger, Chad, Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Uganda, Kenya, Soudan, Benin, Sri Lanka and western countries.
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水力喷射法主要用于尼日尔、乍得、马达加斯加、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、布基纳法索、乌干达、肯尼亚、苏丹、贝宁、斯里兰卡和一些西方国家。
  
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===Manuals, videos and links===
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===指南、视频与链接===
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* [http://www.unicef.org/malawi/MLW_resources_qualityassureboreholes.pdf CONSULTANCY SERVICES: QUALITY ASSURANCE OF UNICEF DRILLING PROGRAMES FOR BOREHOLES IN MALAWI] UNICEF, 2011.  
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* [http://www.unicef.org/malawi/MLW_resources_qualityassureboreholes.pdf 顾问服务：UNICEF（联合国儿童基金会）马拉维井眼项目质量把控] UNICEF, 2011.  
  
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* Robert Vuik, [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/drilling%20manuals/EN/Jetting%20manual%20drilling%20PRACTICA%20EN.pdf Jetting: Manual Drilling Series, TECHNICAL TRAINING HANDBOOK ON AFFORDABLE MANUAL WELL DRILLING]. Practica Foundation, June 2010. French version: [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/drilling%20manuals/FR/Jetting%20manual%20drilling%20PRACTICA%20FR.pdf FORAGE AU LANCAGE A L’EAU].
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* Robert Vuik, [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/drilling%20manuals/EN/Jetting%20manual%20drilling%20PRACTICA%20EN.pdf 水力喷射：人工钻井系列，平价人工钻井技术培训指南]. 实践基金会（Practica Foundation），2010年6月. 法语版：[http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/drilling%20manuals/FR/Jetting%20manual%20drilling%20PRACTICA%20FR.pdf FORAGE AU LANCAGE A L’EAU].
  
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*  [http://www.lifewater.ca/resources.htm Lifewater Resources] on hydrogeology, well construction, all drilling techniques, hand pumps and more. Lifewater Canada, update 2004.
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*  [http://www.lifewater.ca/resources.htm Lifewater （生命之水）资源] 关于水文地质学、筑井、所有钻井技术、手动泵，等. Lifewater Canada（加拿大生命之水），2004年更新.
  
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* [http://www.wellspringafrica.org  Manuals] on Percussion drilling, well construction, manufacturing tools. Cliff Missen, Wellspring Africa, draft 4.
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* [http://www.wellspringafrica.org  指南] 关于冲击钻井、筑井与制造工具. Cliff Missen, Wellspring Africa（非洲泉源组织），第四稿.
  
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* [http://ghanawashproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/36_Conference_Paper_Manual-Drilling_Ghana_Naugle-1.pdf Professionalization of Manual Drilling in Ghana.] Ghana WASH Project, Ghana.
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* [http://ghanawashproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/36_Conference_Paper_Manual-Drilling_Ghana_Naugle-1.pdf 加纳专业化人工钻井.] 加纳WASH（水、环境卫生与个人卫生）项目，加纳.
  
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* [http://docs.watsan.net/Scanned_PDF_Files/Class_Code_2_Water/212.5-79WE-7794-1.pdf Wells Construction: Hand dug and Hand drilled.] Richard Brush, Peace Corps 1980.
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* [http://docs.watsan.net/Scanned_PDF_Files/Class_Code_2_Water/212.5-79WE-7794-1.pdf 筑井：手工挖掘井与手工钻井.] Richard Brush, 和平队1980.
  
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* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5567E/x5567e00.HTM Self-help wells.] R.G. Koegel, FAO 1985.
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* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5567E/x5567e00.HTM 自助水井修建.] R.G. Koegel, FAO（联合国粮食与农业组织）1985.
  
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* [http://www.worldcat.org/title/shallow-wells/oclc/008463099 Shallow Wells.]  DHV Consulting Engineers, 1978.
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* [http://www.worldcat.org/title/shallow-wells/oclc/008463099 浅井.]  DHV顾问工程师，1978.
  
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* [http://www.watersanitationhygiene.org/References/EH_KEY_REFERENCES/WATER/Drilling/Hand%20Drilled%20Boreholes/Human%20Powered%20Drilling%20%28Cranfield%20University%29.pdf Human-Powered Drilling Technologies.] Richard Carter, Cranfield University, 2005.
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* [http://www.watersanitationhygiene.org/References/EH_KEY_REFERENCES/WATER/Drilling/Hand%20Drilled%20Boreholes/Human%20Powered%20Drilling%20%28Cranfield%20University%29.pdf 人力钻井技术.] Richard Carter, Cranfield University, 2005.
  
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* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/148 Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps.] Peter Wurzel, SKAT Switzerland, 2001 - A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development.
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* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/148 用手动泵钻取井眼.] Peter Wurzel, SKAT 瑞士，2001 — 这是一本关于水文地质学、修建水井、钻井技术与扩井工程的书.
  
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* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7314e/w7314e0v.htm Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa.] M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques.
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* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7314e/w7314e0v.htm 西非低成本浅管井建设.] M. Sonau, FAO （联合国粮农组织）— 钻取浅管井技术概述.
  
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* [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf Technical note 43. Simple drilling methods.] Bob Elson and Rod Shaw, WEDC.
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* [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf 技术说明 43. 简易钻井方法.] Bob Elson与Rod Shaw, WEDC.
  
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* [http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/Wat_e.pdf A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series.] UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementation.
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* [http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/Wat_e.pdf 水利指南，技术指南系列.] UNICEF（联合国儿童基金会），1999 — 规划与实施.
  
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* [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/technology_notes_2011.pdf Technology notes, section 7; Tube wells and boreholes.] WaterAid - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies.
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* [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/technology_notes_2011.pdf 技术说明，第七部分；管井与井眼.] WaterAid（水援助组织）— 人力钻井技术概述.
  
−
* [http://www.lifewater.org/resources/rws2/rws2d3.pdf Water for the World, Technical note series rws 2: Designing Jetted Wells.] USAID 1982 - Developing  groundwater and manual drilling techniques.
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* [http://www.lifewater.org/resources/rws2/rws2d3.pdf 世界之水，技术说明系列rws 2：喷射钻井设计.] USAID 1982 — 开发地下水与人工钻井技术.
  
−
* [http://www.enterpriseworks.org/display.cfm?id=5&sub=23&cont=60 Understanding low-cost Well Drilling.] Stephen Greenwood, Technical paper 61, VITA - Manuals on well-drilling.
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* [http://www.enterpriseworks.org/display.cfm?id=5&sub=23&cont=60 了解低成本钻井.] Stephen Greenwood, 技术论文61, VITA — 钻井指南.
  
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* Lots of articles on [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling/well-jetting-washboring-or-hand-turning Jetting.] Rural Water Supply Network.
+
* 关于[http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling/well-jetting-washboring-or-hand-turning 喷射钻井]的大量文章. Rural Water Supply Network（农村给水组织）.
  
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* [http://www.pat-drill.com PAT-Drill] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.
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* [http://www.pat-drill.com PAT-钻井] — 发动机驱动的钻井设备与小型机器.
  
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* [http://www.lonestarbit.com Lone Star Bit] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.
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* [http://www.lonestarbit.com Lone Star Bit（孤星钻头）] — 发动机驱动的钻井设备与小型机器.
  
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* [http://www.deeprock.com Deep Rock] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.  
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* [http://www.deeprock.com Deep Rock（深石）] — 发动机驱动的钻井设备与小型机器.  
  
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* [http://www.drillingfab.com Drillingfab.] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.
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* [http://www.drillingfab.com Drillingfab（绝好钻井）.] — 发动机驱动的钻井设备与小型机器.
  
−
===Acknowledgements===
+
===鸣谢===
−
* [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf 43. Simple drilling methods.] WEDC.
+
* [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf 43. 简易钻井方法.] WEDC.

Latest revision as of 07:03, 7 November 2015

English Français Español भारत മലയാളം தமிழ் 한국어 中國 Indonesia Japanese
Jetting icon.png

水力喷射是基于水循环和水压原理的一种方法。与生成淤泥相反，这一方法是将水泵到钻管下方，将“泥浆”（水与钻屑）向上输送至钻管和井壁之间的井眼中。并且，运用马达泵来获得适当的水流。钻管可只有一端有开口，或者可以增加一个钻头。可使用部分或完全转动的钻管。也可在水中加增稠剂（添加剂），防止洞口塌陷并减少作业用水（钻井液）的流失。

水力喷射法的使用方式多样。最简易的是利用马达泵制造水压，将塑料管压下（不用钻头或旋转，而利用水流将沙子喷射上来），但深度有限（无钻头或可伸长的管子）。其它方法利用了可伸长的塑料管或电镀管，使用钻头，且在钻井中进行旋转。使用这些方法，可以达到更深的深度。

适宜条件

手动旋转的水力喷射法
典型钻头

适用于粘着力弱的沙和淤泥。手动水力喷射法通常适用的最深深度为35米。


优势 不足
- 在细砂或中粒砂的地质构造中，钻井很快。
 - 通常仅限用于沙质土壤。虽然也可以穿透软质黏土，但是速度非常慢，而且粗碎石及其它透水性强的物质（地质构造中的裂隙）会导致钻井用水流失，因而无法钻井。由于水压作用，井眼会保持敞开。为了防止塌陷，利用液体钻取的井眼在整个钻井和装井过程中必须保持满水状态。

- 钻井点需要大量的作业用水（每小时数桶200升的水）。钻井和装井需要在同一天完成。如果留下井眼敞开过夜则很可能有塌陷的危险。
- 使用大量水、利用钻井液更深入钻井，及运用马达泵都会使设备成本相对高昂。

建造、运作与维护

水力喷射法。图片来源：WEDC.

除了马达泵和一些阀门外，所有的钻井设备都由当地生产。

实地经验

水力喷射法主要用于尼日尔、乍得、马达加斯加、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、布基纳法索、乌干达、肯尼亚、苏丹、贝宁、斯里兰卡和一些西方国家。

指南、视频与链接

  • 指南 关于冲击钻井、筑井与制造工具. Cliff Missen, Wellspring Africa（非洲泉源组织），第四稿.
  • 浅井. DHV顾问工程师，1978.
  • 用手动泵钻取井眼. Peter Wurzel, SKAT 瑞士，2001 — 这是一本关于水文地质学、修建水井、钻井技术与扩井工程的书.
  • 关于喷射钻井的大量文章. Rural Water Supply Network（农村给水组织）.
  • PAT-钻井 — 发动机驱动的钻井设备与小型机器.

鸣谢

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