Difference between revisions of "Jerrycan - tank"

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{|style="float: left;"
<!-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->
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|{{Language-box|english_link=Jerrycan_-_tank|french_link=Réservoir_d’urine|spanish_link=Bidon - tanque|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}
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{|width="100%"
 
|style="width:50%;"|{{santable_new|
 
|style="width:50%;"|{{santable_new|
 
sys1=[[Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
 
sys1=[[Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
sys2=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion |8]]|
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sys2=[[Biogas System |5]]|
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sys3=|[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|9]]|
 
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pic=Jerrycan_tank.png|
 
pic=Jerrycan_tank.png|
 
ApplHousehold=XX|
 
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Input1=Urine|Input2= Stored Urine|Input3= | Input4= |Input5=|
 
Input1=Urine|Input2= Stored Urine|Input3= | Input4= |Input5=|
 
Output1=Stored Urine|Output2=Urine | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
 
Output1=Stored Urine|Output2=Urine | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
|english_link=Jerrycan_-_tank
 
|french_link=Réservoir_d’urine
 
|spanish_link=Bidon - tanque
 
 
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|[[Image:Jerrycan_tank.png |right|300px]]
 
|[[Image:Jerrycan_tank.png |right|300px]]
 
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[[Image:Icon_jerrycan_tank.png |right|80px]]
 
[[Image:Icon_jerrycan_tank.png |right|80px]]
'''Jerrycans are light, plastic containers that can be easily carried by one person and are readily available. When sealed, they can be used to store or transport urine easily and without spills. In case separated urine cannot be used near the point of production, it can be transported in a Jerrycan or tank to a central collection/storage facility or to agricultural land for application.'''
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'''Jerrycans are light, plastic containers that are readily available and can be easily carried by one person. When sealed, they can be used to safely store or transport urine.'''
  
On average, a person generates 1.5L of urine a day although this quantity may very significantly depending on the climate and fluid consumption. A family of 5 can be expected to fill a 20L Jerrycan with urine in approximately two days. The urine can then be either stored on site or transported immediately.
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Urine can be collected in jerrycans or they can be filled with the urine stored in [[Urine Storage Tank / Container | Storage Tanks / Containers]] (S.1) for transportation to agricultural fields or to a central storage facility. Where urine-diversion systems are common, a micro-enterprise may specialize in the collection and transport of jerrycans, using e.g., bicycles, donkeys, carts or small trucks.
  
For compounds or communities that all have urine diverting systems, it may be more appropriate to have a larger, semi-centralized storage tank that can be transported by other means. Where urine-diversion systems are common, a micro-enterprise may specialize in the collection and transport of Jerrycans using a bicycle, wagon or donkey and cart.
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===Design Considerations===
 +
On average, a person generates about 1.2 L of urine a day; however, this quantity may vary significantly depending on climate and fluid
 +
consumption. A family of 5 can be expected to fill a 20 L jerrycan with urine in approximately 3 to 4 days. It can either be stored on site or immediately transported. If the jerrycan is directly connected to the toilet or urinal with a pipe, care should be taken to minimize its length since precipitates will accumulate. Pipes should have a steep slope (> 1%), no sharp angles, and large diameters. They should be easily accessible in case of blockages. Because jerrycans quickly fill up and need to be frequently exchanged or emptied, the use of a large Storage Tank/Container should be considered for primary collection of the urine. The stored urine can then be filled into jerrycans (e.g., using a small pump) and transported to the fields.
  
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="none"
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<br>
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="none" width="100%"
 
|-
 
|-
 
! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages
 
! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages
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|-
 
| valign="top" |- Very low capital and operating costs. <br>
 
| valign="top" |- Very low capital and operating costs. <br>
- Potential for local job creation and income generation. <br>
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- Jerrycans are widely available and robust<br>
- Easy to clean and reusable. <br>
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- Very low capital and operating costs<br>
- Low risk of pathogen transmission.
+
- Potential for local job creation and income generation<br>
| valign="top" |- Heavy to carry. <br>
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- Easy to clean and reusable <br>
- Spills may happen.
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- Low risk of pathogen transmission
 +
| valign="top" |
 +
- Heavy to carry <br>
 +
- Spills may happen <br>
 +
- Mild to strong odour when filling and emptying jerrycans (depending on storage conditions)
 
|}
 
|}
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<br>
  
 +
===Appropriateness===
 +
A well-sealed jerrycan is an effective way of transporting urine over short distances. It is inexpensive, easy to clean and reusable. This type of transport is only appropriate for areas where the points of generation and use (i.e., homes and fields) are close together, and where relatively small quantities of urine are produced. Otherwise, a more formalized and efficient collection and distribution system is necessary. For compounds or communities with urine-diverting systems, for example, it may be more appropriate to have a large urine storage tank that can be emptied by such means as [[Motorized Emptying and Transport | Motorized Emptying and Transport]] (C.3). Jerrycans can be used in cold environments (where urine freezes) as long as they are not completely filled. In warmer months the stored urine can be used when it is needed for agriculture.
  
===Adequacy===
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===Health Aspects/Acceptance===  
 
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The people who exchange or empty jerrycans incur low health risks because urine is normally sterile. Carrying jerrycans also poses little health risk as they seal very well. While carrying a jerrycan may not be the most pleasant activity, it is likely to be more convenient and less costly than emptying a pit.
A well-sealed Jerrycan is an effective way of transporting urine short distances. It is inexpensive, easy to clean and re-useable. This type of transport is only appropriate for areas where the points of generation and use (i.e. home and field) are close together, otherwise a more formalized collection and distribution system is necessary.
 
 
 
Jerrycans can be used in cold environments (where urine freezes) as long as they are not completely filled. Stored frozen urine can be then used in warmer months when it is needed for agriculture.
 
 
 
Because of safety concerns and difficulty with transport, no other liquids (blackwater or greywater) should be transported in Jerrycans
 
  
===Health Aspects/Acceptance===
+
In some locations, urine has an economic value and it may be collected from households for free. Families who invest the time to transport and use their own urine may be rewarded with increased agricultural production, improving their nutrition and/or increasing their income.
  
There should not be any health risks to those carrying a Jerrycan as urine is generally sterile and the Jerrycans seal well. While carrying a Jerrycan may not be the most pleasant activity, it is likely more convenient and less costly emptying a pit.
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===Operation & Maintenance===
 
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To minimize bacterial growth, sludge accumulation and unpleasant odours, jerrycans should be frequently washed. Because of safety concerns and transportation difficulties, no other liquids (such as blackwater or greywater) should be transported in jerrycans.
In some locations, urine has an economic value and it may be collected from the household for free. Families who invest the time to transport and use their own urine may be rewarded with increased agricultural production improving the families health and/or increasing their income.
 
  
 
===Upgrading===
 
===Upgrading===
 
 
If urine is viewed as a commodity, locally run businesses may collect and transport it for free or for a small fee.
 
If urine is viewed as a commodity, locally run businesses may collect and transport it for free or for a small fee.
 
===Maintenance===
 
 
To minimize bacterial growth, sludge accumulation and unpleasant odours, Jerrycans should be washed frequently.
 
  
 
===References ===
 
===References ===
 +
* von Münch, E. and Winker, M. (2011). [http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-875-giz2011-en-technology-review-urine-diversion.pdf Technology Review of Urine Diversion Components. Overview of Urine Diversion Components Such as Waterless Urinals, Urine Diversion Toilets, Urine Storage and Reuse Systems]. Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, DE.
  
* Austin, A. and Duncker L. (2002). Urine-diversion. Ecological Sanitation Systems in South Africa. CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa.
+
* Richert, A., Gensch, R., Jönsson, H., Stenström, T. A., and Dagerskog, L. (2010). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/757 Practical Guidance on the Use of Urine in Crop Production]. EcoSanRes, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, SE.
 
 
* [http://www.giz.de/en/ GTZ] (2005). Technical data sheets for ecosan components- 01 Urine Diversion-Piping and Storage. GTZ, Germany.
 
 
 
* Morgan, P. (2007). [http://www.ecosanres.org/toilets_that_make_compost.htm Toilets that make compost]. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
 
 
 
* Morgan, P. (2004). [http://www.ecosanres.org/index.htm An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa: A Compilation of Experiences]. Aquamor, Harare, Zimbabwe. Chapter 10: The usefulness of Urine.
 
 
 
* NWP (2006). Smart Sanitation Solutions. Examples of innovative, low-cost technologies for toilets, collection, transportation, treatment and use of sanitation products. Netherlands Water Partnership, Netherlands.
 
  
* Schonning, C. and Stenstrom, TA. (2004). [http://www.ecosanres.org/index.htm Guidelines for the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems-Report 2004-1]. EcosanRes, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.  
+
* Rieck, C., von Münch, E. and Hoffmann, H. (2012). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/874 Technology Review of Urine-Diverting Dry Toilets (UDDTs). Overview of Design, Operation, Management and Costs]. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, DE.
  
* Winblad, U. and Simpson-Herbert, M. (eds.) (2004). [http://www.ecosanres.org/ES2_download.htm Ecological Sanitation – revised and enlarged edition]. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
+
* WHO (2006). [https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg4/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Volume 4: Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture]. World Health Organization, Geneva, CH.
  
* WHO (2006). [http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/gsuweg4/en/ Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, Excreta and Greywater- Volume 4: Excreta and Greywater use in agriculture]. WHO, Geneva.
+
* [http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/en/ WHO: Guidelines on sanitation and health - 2018]
  
 
===Acknowledgements===
 
===Acknowledgements===
 
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}
 
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}

Latest revision as of 19:17, 24 February 2021

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Applicable in systems:
4, 5
Level of Application
Household XX
Neighbourhood
City

 

Inputs
Urine, Stored Urine


Level of management
Household XX
Shared XX
Public X

 

Outputs
Stored Urine, Urine
Jerrycan tank.png




Icon jerrycan tank.png

Jerrycans are light, plastic containers that are readily available and can be easily carried by one person. When sealed, they can be used to safely store or transport urine.

Urine can be collected in jerrycans or they can be filled with the urine stored in Storage Tanks / Containers (S.1) for transportation to agricultural fields or to a central storage facility. Where urine-diversion systems are common, a micro-enterprise may specialize in the collection and transport of jerrycans, using e.g., bicycles, donkeys, carts or small trucks.

Design Considerations

On average, a person generates about 1.2 L of urine a day; however, this quantity may vary significantly depending on climate and fluid consumption. A family of 5 can be expected to fill a 20 L jerrycan with urine in approximately 3 to 4 days. It can either be stored on site or immediately transported. If the jerrycan is directly connected to the toilet or urinal with a pipe, care should be taken to minimize its length since precipitates will accumulate. Pipes should have a steep slope (> 1%), no sharp angles, and large diameters. They should be easily accessible in case of blockages. Because jerrycans quickly fill up and need to be frequently exchanged or emptied, the use of a large Storage Tank/Container should be considered for primary collection of the urine. The stored urine can then be filled into jerrycans (e.g., using a small pump) and transported to the fields.


Advantages Disadvantages
- Very low capital and operating costs.

- Jerrycans are widely available and robust
- Very low capital and operating costs
- Potential for local job creation and income generation
- Easy to clean and reusable
- Low risk of pathogen transmission

- Heavy to carry
- Spills may happen
- Mild to strong odour when filling and emptying jerrycans (depending on storage conditions)


Appropriateness

A well-sealed jerrycan is an effective way of transporting urine over short distances. It is inexpensive, easy to clean and reusable. This type of transport is only appropriate for areas where the points of generation and use (i.e., homes and fields) are close together, and where relatively small quantities of urine are produced. Otherwise, a more formalized and efficient collection and distribution system is necessary. For compounds or communities with urine-diverting systems, for example, it may be more appropriate to have a large urine storage tank that can be emptied by such means as Motorized Emptying and Transport (C.3). Jerrycans can be used in cold environments (where urine freezes) as long as they are not completely filled. In warmer months the stored urine can be used when it is needed for agriculture.

Health Aspects/Acceptance

The people who exchange or empty jerrycans incur low health risks because urine is normally sterile. Carrying jerrycans also poses little health risk as they seal very well. While carrying a jerrycan may not be the most pleasant activity, it is likely to be more convenient and less costly than emptying a pit.

In some locations, urine has an economic value and it may be collected from households for free. Families who invest the time to transport and use their own urine may be rewarded with increased agricultural production, improving their nutrition and/or increasing their income.

Operation & Maintenance

To minimize bacterial growth, sludge accumulation and unpleasant odours, jerrycans should be frequently washed. Because of safety concerns and transportation difficulties, no other liquids (such as blackwater or greywater) should be transported in jerrycans.

Upgrading

If urine is viewed as a commodity, locally run businesses may collect and transport it for free or for a small fee.

References

Acknowledgements

Eawag compendium cover.png

The material on this page was adapted from:

Elizabeth Tilley, Lukas Ulrich, Christoph Lüthi, Philippe Reymond and Christian Zurbrügg (2014). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, published by Sandec, the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries of Eawag, the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.

The 2nd edition publication is available in English. French and Spanish are yet to come.