Difference between revisions of "Twin Pits for Pour Flush"
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| − | {{ | + | |{{Language-box|english_link=Twin Pits for Pour Flush|french_link=Latrine à chasse avec double fosse|spanish_link=Pozos_Doble_para_Retrete_con_Arrastre_Hidraulico|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon }} |
| − | sys1=[[Pour Flush System | + | |} |
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| + | |style="width:50%;"|{{santable_new| | ||
| + | sys1=[[Pour Flush Pit System without Sludge Production|3]]| | ||
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| − | Input1=Blackwater|Input2=Greywater |Input3= | + | Input1=Blackwater|Input2=Greywater |Input3=| Input4= |Input5=| |
| − | Output1=Compost - | + | Output1=Compost - Pit Humus| Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5= |
}} | }} | ||
| + | |[[Image:Twin_pits_for_pour_flush.png |right|500px]] | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | <br> | ||
| − | '''This technology consists of two alternating pits connected to a Pour Flush Toilet. The blackwater (and greywater) is collected in the pits and allowed to slowly infiltrate into the surrounding soil. | + | [[Image:Icon_twin_pits_for_pour_flush.png |right|80px]] |
| + | '''This technology consists of two alternating pits connected to a [Pour Flush Toilet Pour Flush Toilet] (U.4). The blackwater (and in some cases greywater) is collected in the pits and allowed to slowly infiltrate into the surrounding soil. Over time, the solids are sufficiently dewatered and can be manually removed with a shovel.''' | ||
| + | The twin pits for pour flush technology can be designed in various ways; the toilet can be located directly over the pits or at a distance from them. The superstructure can be permanently constructed over both pits or it can move from side to side depending on which one is in use. No matter how the system is designed, only one pit is used at a time. While one pit is filling, the other full pit is resting. | ||
| − | + | As liquid leaches from the pit and migrates through the unsaturated soil matrix, pathogenic germs are sorbed onto the soil surface. In this way, pathogens can be | |
| + | removed prior to contact with groundwater. The degree of removal varies with soil type, distance travelled, moisture and other environmental factors. The difference between this technology and the [Double Ventilated Improved Pit Double VIP] (S.4) or [Fossa Alterna Fossa Alterna] (S.5) is that it allows for water and it is not necessary to add soil or organic material to the pits. As this is a water-based (wet) technology, the full pits require a longer retention time (two years is recommended) to degrade the material before it can be excavated safely. | ||
| − | + | ===Design Considerations=== | |
| + | The pits should be of an adequate size to accommodate a volume of waste generated over one or two years. This allows the contents of the full pit enough time to transform into a partially sanitized, soil-like material that can be manually excavated. It is recommended that the twin pits be constructed 1 m apart from each other to minimize cross-contamination between the maturing pit and the one in use. It is also recommended that the pits be constructed over 1 m from any structural foundation as leachate can negatively impact structural supports. Water within the pit can impact its stability. Therefore, the full depth of the pit walls should be lined to prevent collapse and the top 30 cm should be fully mortared to prevent direct infiltration and to support the superstructure. | ||
| − | + | There is a risk of groundwater pollution when pits are located in areas with a high or variable water table, and/or fissures or cracks in the bedrock. As soil and groundwater properties are often unknown, it is difficult to estimate the distance necessary between a pit and a water source. It is normally recommended to have a | |
| − | + | minimum horizontal distance of 30 m between them to limit exposing the water source to microbial contamination. To ensure that only one of the two pits is used at any time, the idle pipe of the junction connecting to the out -of- use pit should be closed (e.g. with cement or bricks). | |
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| + | Alternatively, the Pour Flush Toilet could also be directly connected to the pit in use by a single straight pipe fixed in place with light mortar and covered with earth. The risk of failure and misuse is minimized by ensuring that the junction and pipes are not easily accessible. | ||
| + | <br> | ||
{{procontable | pro= | {{procontable | pro= | ||
| − | - Can be built and repaired with locally available materials. <br> - Because double pits are used alternately, their life is virtually unlimited. <br> - Excavation of humus is easier than faecal sludge <br> - Potential for use of stored faecal material as soil conditioner. <br> - Flies and odours are significantly reduced (compared to | + | - Can be built and repaired with locally available materials. <br> |
| − | - | + | - Because double pits are used alternately, their life is virtually unlimited. <br> |
| + | - Excavation of humus is easier than faecal sludge <br> | ||
| + | - Potential for use of stored faecal material as soil conditioner. <br> | ||
| + | - Flies and odours are significantly reduced (compared to pits without a water seal). <br> | ||
| + | - Suitable for all types of user (sitters, squatters, washers and wipers). <br> | ||
| + | - Low (but variable) capital costs depending on materials; no or low operating costs if self-emptied. <br> | ||
| + | - Small land area required<br> | ||
| + | - Significant reduction in pathogens. | ||
| + | | con= | ||
| + | - Manual removal of humus is required<br> | ||
| + | - Clogging is frequent when bulky cleansing materials are used <br> | ||
| + | - Higher risk of groundwater contamination due to more leachate than with waterless systems | ||
}} | }} | ||
| + | ===Appropriateness=== | ||
| + | Twin pits for pour flush are a permanent technology appropriate for areas where it is not possible to continuously build new pit latrines. As long as water is available, this technology is appropriate for almost every type of housing density. However, too many wet pits in a small area is not recommended as the soil matrix may not be of sufficient capacity to absorb all the liquid and the ground could become water-logged (oversaturated). In order for the pits to drain properly, the soil must have a good absorptive capacity; clay, tightly packed or rocky soils are not appropriate. | ||
| − | + | This technology is not suitable for areas with a high groundwater table or where there is frequent flooding. Greywater can be co-managed along with the blackwater in the twin pits, especially if the greywater quantities are relatively small, and no other management system is in place to control it. However, large quantities of flushwater and/or greywater may result in excessive leaching from the pit and possibly groundwater contamination. The dewatered, solid material is manually emptied from the pits (it is dug, not pumped out), therefore, space is not required for vacuum trucks to access them. | |
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| − | The material is manually emptied from the | ||
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| + | ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== | ||
| + | It is a commonly accepted sanitation option; however, some health concerns exist: | ||
| − | + | * Leachate can contaminate groundwater; | |
| − | * | + | * Stagnant water in pits may promote insect breeding; |
| + | * Pits are susceptible to failure and/or overflowing during floods. | ||
| − | + | ===Operation & Maintenance=== | |
| + | The pits must be regularly emptied (after the recommended two year resting time), and care must be taken to ensure that they do not flood during rainy seasons. | ||
| + | Emptying is done manually using long handled shovels and proper personal protection. | ||
| − | + | === Sulabh toilets=== | |
| + | The Indian NGO [http://www.sulabhinternational.org/ Sulabh International] designed a [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/323.1-1299.pdf system] using pour flush toilets and twin pits for treatment of sanitation products. They have constructed over a million toilets in India. They further designed a system which converts the effluent into biogas. These technologies are now used by 10 million people in rural India. This contributed greatly to the increase in number of people using a toilet, from 27% to 59% in the last 5 years. They have also built public toilets in Afghanistan, Bhutan, Ghana, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Laos, and Cambodia. They are planning to start up Sulabh Sanitation centres in 50 more countries soon. | ||
| + | ===References=== | ||
| + | * Franceys, R., Pickford, J. and Reed, R. (1992). [https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/39313/9241544430_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y A Guide to the Development of on-Site Sanitation]. WHO, Geneva, CH. | ||
| − | + | * Mara, D. D. (1985). [https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/MARA%201985%20The%20Design%20of%20Pour%20Flush%20Latrines_0.pdf The Design of Pour-Flush Latrines]. UNDP Interregional Project INT/81/047, The World Bank and UNDP, Washington, D.C., US. | |
| − | * | + | * Mara, D. D. (1996). Low-Cost Urban Sanitation (Book). Wiley, Chichester, UK. |
| − | * | + | * Roy, A. K., Chatterjee, P. K., Gupta, K. N., Khare, S. T., Rau, B. B. and Singh, R. S. (1984). [https://www.ircwash.org/resources/manual-design-construction-and-maintenance-low-cost-pour-flush-waterseal-latrines-india Manual on the Design, Construction and Maintenance of Low-Cost Pour-Flush Waterseal Latrines in India]. UNDP Interregional Project INT/81/047, The World Bank and UNDP, Washington, D.C., US. |
| − | + | ===Acknowledgements=== | |
| + | {{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}} | ||
Latest revision as of 01:04, 9 September 2020
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This technology consists of two alternating pits connected to a [Pour Flush Toilet Pour Flush Toilet] (U.4). The blackwater (and in some cases greywater) is collected in the pits and allowed to slowly infiltrate into the surrounding soil. Over time, the solids are sufficiently dewatered and can be manually removed with a shovel.
The twin pits for pour flush technology can be designed in various ways; the toilet can be located directly over the pits or at a distance from them. The superstructure can be permanently constructed over both pits or it can move from side to side depending on which one is in use. No matter how the system is designed, only one pit is used at a time. While one pit is filling, the other full pit is resting.
As liquid leaches from the pit and migrates through the unsaturated soil matrix, pathogenic germs are sorbed onto the soil surface. In this way, pathogens can be removed prior to contact with groundwater. The degree of removal varies with soil type, distance travelled, moisture and other environmental factors. The difference between this technology and the [Double Ventilated Improved Pit Double VIP] (S.4) or [Fossa Alterna Fossa Alterna] (S.5) is that it allows for water and it is not necessary to add soil or organic material to the pits. As this is a water-based (wet) technology, the full pits require a longer retention time (two years is recommended) to degrade the material before it can be excavated safely.
Contents
Design Considerations
The pits should be of an adequate size to accommodate a volume of waste generated over one or two years. This allows the contents of the full pit enough time to transform into a partially sanitized, soil-like material that can be manually excavated. It is recommended that the twin pits be constructed 1 m apart from each other to minimize cross-contamination between the maturing pit and the one in use. It is also recommended that the pits be constructed over 1 m from any structural foundation as leachate can negatively impact structural supports. Water within the pit can impact its stability. Therefore, the full depth of the pit walls should be lined to prevent collapse and the top 30 cm should be fully mortared to prevent direct infiltration and to support the superstructure.
There is a risk of groundwater pollution when pits are located in areas with a high or variable water table, and/or fissures or cracks in the bedrock. As soil and groundwater properties are often unknown, it is difficult to estimate the distance necessary between a pit and a water source. It is normally recommended to have a minimum horizontal distance of 30 m between them to limit exposing the water source to microbial contamination. To ensure that only one of the two pits is used at any time, the idle pipe of the junction connecting to the out -of- use pit should be closed (e.g. with cement or bricks).
Alternatively, the Pour Flush Toilet could also be directly connected to the pit in use by a single straight pipe fixed in place with light mortar and covered with earth. The risk of failure and misuse is minimized by ensuring that the junction and pipes are not easily accessible.
| Advantages | Disadvantages/limitations |
|---|---|
| - Can be built and repaired with locally available materials. - Because double pits are used alternately, their life is virtually unlimited. |
- Manual removal of humus is required - Clogging is frequent when bulky cleansing materials are used |
Appropriateness
Twin pits for pour flush are a permanent technology appropriate for areas where it is not possible to continuously build new pit latrines. As long as water is available, this technology is appropriate for almost every type of housing density. However, too many wet pits in a small area is not recommended as the soil matrix may not be of sufficient capacity to absorb all the liquid and the ground could become water-logged (oversaturated). In order for the pits to drain properly, the soil must have a good absorptive capacity; clay, tightly packed or rocky soils are not appropriate.
This technology is not suitable for areas with a high groundwater table or where there is frequent flooding. Greywater can be co-managed along with the blackwater in the twin pits, especially if the greywater quantities are relatively small, and no other management system is in place to control it. However, large quantities of flushwater and/or greywater may result in excessive leaching from the pit and possibly groundwater contamination. The dewatered, solid material is manually emptied from the pits (it is dug, not pumped out), therefore, space is not required for vacuum trucks to access them.
Health Aspects/Acceptance
It is a commonly accepted sanitation option; however, some health concerns exist:
- Leachate can contaminate groundwater;
- Stagnant water in pits may promote insect breeding;
- Pits are susceptible to failure and/or overflowing during floods.
Operation & Maintenance
The pits must be regularly emptied (after the recommended two year resting time), and care must be taken to ensure that they do not flood during rainy seasons. Emptying is done manually using long handled shovels and proper personal protection.
Sulabh toilets
The Indian NGO Sulabh International designed a system using pour flush toilets and twin pits for treatment of sanitation products. They have constructed over a million toilets in India. They further designed a system which converts the effluent into biogas. These technologies are now used by 10 million people in rural India. This contributed greatly to the increase in number of people using a toilet, from 27% to 59% in the last 5 years. They have also built public toilets in Afghanistan, Bhutan, Ghana, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Laos, and Cambodia. They are planning to start up Sulabh Sanitation centres in 50 more countries soon.
References
- Franceys, R., Pickford, J. and Reed, R. (1992). A Guide to the Development of on-Site Sanitation. WHO, Geneva, CH.
- Mara, D. D. (1985). The Design of Pour-Flush Latrines. UNDP Interregional Project INT/81/047, The World Bank and UNDP, Washington, D.C., US.
- Mara, D. D. (1996). Low-Cost Urban Sanitation (Book). Wiley, Chichester, UK.
- Roy, A. K., Chatterjee, P. K., Gupta, K. N., Khare, S. T., Rau, B. B. and Singh, R. S. (1984). Manual on the Design, Construction and Maintenance of Low-Cost Pour-Flush Waterseal Latrines in India. UNDP Interregional Project INT/81/047, The World Bank and UNDP, Washington, D.C., US.
Acknowledgements
The material on this page was adapted from:
Elizabeth Tilley, Lukas Ulrich, Christoph Lüthi, Philippe Reymond and Christian Zurbrügg (2014). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, published by Sandec, the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries of Eawag, the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
The 2nd edition publication is available in English. French and Spanish are yet to come.
