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<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-box|english_link=Co- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and inputcomposting|french_link=Co-output tables -->Compostage|spanish_link=Compostaje|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{{santablesantable_new|

sys2=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys5=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|

Input1=Faecal Sludge |Input2=Organics |Input3=|Input4=|Input5=|Output1=Compost/EcoHumus |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=

[[Image:CoIcon_co-composting.PNG‎|thumbpng |right|150px|[[Co-composting |Co-composting]], in Yemen (for credits, click the picture)80px]]

'''Co<br>There are two types of co-Composting is composting designs: open and in-vessel. In open composting, the controlled aerobic degradation of organics using more than one materials mixed material (Faecal sludge and Organic solid waste). Faecal sludge has a high moisture and nitrogen content while biodegradable solid waste is high in organic carbon piled into long heaps called windrows and has good bulking properties (i.eleft to decompose. it allows air Windrow piles are periodically turned to flow provide oxygen and circulate). By combining the two, ensure that all parts of the benefits of each can be used pile are subjected to optimize the process same heat treatment. In-vessel composting requires controlled moisture and the productair supply, as wellas mechanical mixing. For dewatered sludgesTherefore, it is not generally appropriate for decentralized facilities. Although the composting process seems like a ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 of dewatered sludge to solid waste should be used. Liquid sludges should be used at simple, passive technology, a ratio of 1:5 to 1:10 of liquid sludge well-functioning facility requires careful planning and design to solid wasteavoid failure.'''

===Open co-compostingDesign Considerations===There are two types The facility should be located close to the sources of Co-Composting designs: open organic waste and faecal sludge to minimize transport costs, but still at a distanceaway from homes and in-vesselbusinesses to minimize nuisances. In open compostingDepending on the climate and available space, the mixed material (facility may be covered to prevent excess evaporation and/or provide protection from rain and wind. For dewatered sludge and , a ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 of sludge to solid waste) is piled into long heaps called windrows and left to decomposeshould be used. Windrow piles are turned periodically Liquid sludge should be used at a ratio of 1:5 to provide oxygen and ensure that all parts 1:10 of the pile are subjected sludge to the same heat treatmentsolid waste. Windrow piles should be at least 1m 1 m high, and should be insulated with compost or soil to promote an even distribution of heat inside the pile. Depending on the climate and available space, the facility may be covered to prevent excess evaporation and protection from rain.

To adequately treat excreta together <br>{{procontable | pro=- Relatively straightforward to set up and maintain with other organic appropriate training <br>- Provides a valuable resource that can improve local agriculture and food production <br>- A high removal of helminth eggs is possible (< 1 viable egg/g TS) <br>- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials in windrows, the WHO <br>- Low capital and operating costs <br>- No electrical energy required| con= - Requires a large land area (1989that is well located) recommends active windrow <br>- Long storage times <br>- Requires expert design and operation by skilled personnel <br>- Labour intensive <br>- Compost is too bulky to be economically transported over long distances}} ===Appropriateness=== A co-composting with other organic materials for one month at 55facility is only appropriate when there is an available source of well-sorted biodegradable solid waste. Solid waste containing plastics and garbage must first be sorted. When carefully done, co-60°Ccomposting can produce a clean, pleasant, followed by two to four months curing to stabilise the compostbeneficial soil conditioner. This achieves Since moisture plays an acceptable level of pathogen kill for targeted health valuesimportant role in the composting process, covered facilities are especially recommended where there is heavy rainfall.

===In-vessel co-composting===In-vessel Apart from technical considerations, composting requires controlled moisture and air supply, as well as mechanical mixing. Therefore, it only makes sense if there is not generally appropriate a demand for decentralized facilitiesthe product (from paying customers). Although the composting process seems like In order to find buyers, a simple, passive technology, consistent and good quality compost has to be produced; this depends on good initial sorting and a well-working facility requires careful planning and design to avoid failurecontrolled thermophilic process.

{{procontable | pro===Health Aspects/Acceptance===- Through co-composting, Maintaining the temperature in the pile between 55 and 60 °C can reduce the pathogen load in sludge to a useful and level safe end product is generated that combines nutrients to touch and organic work with. Although the finished compost can be safely handled, care should be taken when dealing with the sludge, regardless of the previous treatment. If the material. <br>- Easy is found to set up be dusty, workers should wear protective clothing and maintain with use appropriate training <br>- Provides a valuable resource respiratory equipment. Proper ventilation and dust control are important. ===Operation & Maintenance=== The mixture must be carefully designed so that can improve local agriculture it has the proper C:N ratio, moisture and food production <br>- High removal of oxygen content. If facilities exist, it would be useful to monitor helminth eggs possible (< 1 egg viable egg/g TS) <br>- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br>inactivation as a proxy measure of sterilization. A well- Toilet paper trained staff is decomposed <br>- Low capital cost; low operating cost <br>- Potential necessary for local job creation the operation and income generation <br>- No electrical energy required| con= - Long storage times <br>- Requires expert design maintenance of the facility. Maintenance staff must carefully monitor the quality of the input material, and operation <br>- limited control keep track of vectors the inflows, outflows, turning schedules, and pest attraction <br>maturing times to ensure a high quality product. Forced aeration systems must be carefully controlledand monitored. Turning must be periodically done with either a front- Labour intensive <br>- Lower cost variants requires a end loader or by hand. Robust grinders for shredding large land area pieces of solid waste (which is well locatedi.e., small branches and coconut shells)}}and pile turners help to optimize the process, reduce manual labour, and ensure a more homogenous end product.

==Adequacy=References and external links=== A Co-Composting facility is only appropriate when there is an available source of well-sorted biodegradable solid waste. Mixed solid waste with plastics and garbage must first be sorted. When done carefully, Co-Composting can produce a clean, pleasant, beneficial product that is safe to touch and work with. It is a good way to reduce the pathogen load in sludge.

Depending on the climate (rainfall* Hoornweg, D., Thomas, temperature L. and windOtten, L. (2000) the Co-. [http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/483421468740129529/pdf/multi0page.pdf Composting facility can be built to accommodate the conditionsand Its Applicability in Developing Countries]. Since moisture plays an important role in the composting process, covered facilities are especially recommended where there is heavy rainfallUrban Waste Management Working Paper Series No. 8. The facility should be located close to the sources of organic waste and faecal sludge (to minimize transport) but to minimize nuisancesWorld Bank, Washington, it should not be too close to homes and businessesD.C. A well-trained staff is necessary for the operation and maintenance of the facility, US.

Adding excreta* Koné, especially urineD., Cofie, O., Zurbrügg, C., Gallizzi, K., to household organics produces compost with a higher nutrient value Moser, D., Drescher, S. and Strauss, M. (N2007). [https://ocw.un-Pihe.org/pluginfile.php/4127/mod_resource/content/1/Helminth%20egg%20inactivation%20efficiency_Kone%20et%20al_WR41_2007.pdf Helminth Eggs Inactivation Efficiency by Faecal Sludge Dewatering and Co-KComposting in Tropical Climates]. Water Research 41 (19) than compost produced only from kitchen and garden wastes. Co: 4397-composting integrates excreta and solid waste management, optimizing efficiency4402.

==Health Aspects* Obeng, L. A. and Wright, F. W. (1987). [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Acceptance== Although the finished compost can be safely handledObeng-1987-Domestic.pdf Integrated Resource Recovery. The Co-Composting of Domestic Solid and Human Wastes]. The World Bank and UNDP, Washington, care should be taken when handling the faecal sludgeD.C. Workers should wear protective clothing and appropriate respiratory equipment if the material is found to be dusty, US.

==Upgrading== Robust grinders for shredding large pieces of solid waste (i* Rouse, J.e, Rothenberger, S. small branches and coconut shellsZurbrügg, C. (2008) : Marketing Compost, a Guide for Compost Producers in Low and pile turners help to optimize the processMiddle-Income Countries. Eawag (Department Sandec), reduce manual labourDübendorf, and ensure a more homogenous end productCH.:Available at: [http://www.sandec.ch sandec.ch]

==Maintenance== The mixture must be carefully designed so that it has the proper C:N ratio* Strande, moisture and oxygen contentL. If facilities exist, it would be useful to monitor helminth egg inactivation as a proxy measure of sterilizationRonteltap, M. Maintenance staff must carefully monitor the quality of the input materials, keep track of the inflows, outflows, turning schedulesand Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) (2014). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and maturing times to ensure a high quality product. Manual turning must be done periodically with either a front-end loader or by handpublications/library/details/3591 Faecal Sludge Management. Forced aeration systems must be carefully controlled Systems Approach for Implementation and monitoredOperation]. IWA Publishing, London, UK.(Detailed book compiling the current state of knowledge on all aspects related to FSM)

== References ==* Elizabeth Tilley etStrauss, M.al (2008), Drescher, S. [http://www, Zurbrügg, C.eawag, Montangero, A.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high, Cofie, O.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] Drechsel, P. (2003). [httphttps://www.eawagsusana.chorg/organisationen/abteilungenknowledge-hub/sandecresources-and-publications/publikationenlibrary/publications_sespdetails/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version1548 Co-Composting of Faecal Sludge and Municipal Organic Waste]). Department A Literature and State-of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries -Knowledge Review. Eawag ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Department Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science , Dübendorf, CH and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systemsIWMI, Accra, GH.)

* Cofie, O., et al. (2006). Solid–liquid separation of faecal Sludge using drying beds in Ghana: Implications for nutrient recycling in urban agriculture. Water Research 40(1): 75–82. ===Acknowledgements===* Koné, D., et al. (2007). Helminth eggs inactivation efficiency by faecal Sludge dewatering and co-composting in tropical climates. Water Research 41(19){{: 4397–4402. * Obeng, LA. and Wright, FW. (1987). Integrated Resource Recover. The Co-Composting of Domestic Sold and Human Wastes. The World Bank + UNDP, Washington. * Shuval, HI., et al. (1981). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Acknowledgements Sanitation; Night-soil Composting. UNDP/WB Contribution to the IDWSSD. The World Bank, Washington. The following reports can all be found in the Faecal Sludge Co-Composting section of the Sandec Website: www.sandec.ch * Montangero, A., et al. (2002). Co-composting of Faecal Sludge and Soil Waste. Sandec/IWMI, Dübendorf, Switzerland. * Strauss, M., et al. (2003). Co-composting of Faecal Sludge and Municipal Organic Waste- A Literature and State-of- Knowledge Review. Sandec/IMWI, Dübendorf, Switzerland. * Drescher. S., Zurbrügg, C., Enayetullah, I. and Singha, MAD. (2006). Decentralised Composting for Cities of Low- and Middle-Income Countries - A User’s Manual. Eawag/Sandec and Waste Concern, Dhaka.}}