Changes

<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-box|english_link=Co- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and inputcomposting|french_link=Co-output tables -->Compostage|spanish_link=Compostaje|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{{santablesantable_new|

sys2=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys5=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|

Input1=Faecal Sludge |Input2=Organics |Input3=|Input4=|Input5=|Output1=Compost/EcoHumus |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=

[[Image:Co-composting_iconcomposting.jpgPNG‎|thumb|right|200px|[[Co-composting |Co-composting]], in Yemen (for credits, click the picture)]]

Composting is an aerobic process in which bacteria and other organisms feed on organic material and decompose it. Composting (one material) and <br>There are two types of co-composting (two or more materials) represent generally accepted procedures to treat excretadesigns: open and in-vessel. To start the In open composting process, the blended compostable mixed material (sludge and solid waste) is placed in piled into long heaps called windrows (long or round and left to decompose. Windrow piles). The `recipe' combines high-carbon are periodically turned to provide oxygen and high-nitrogen materials. Air is added ensure that all parts of the pile are subjected to maintain aerobic conditions, either by turning the windrows or by forcing air through themsame heat treatment. To adequately treat excreta together with other organic materials in windrows, the WHO (1989) recommends active windrow coIn-vessel composting with other organic materials for one month at 55-60°Crequires controlled moisture and air supply, followed by two to four months curing to stabilise the compostas wellas mechanical mixing. This achieves an acceptable level of pathogen kill Therefore, it is not generally appropriate for targeted health valuesdecentralized facilities. Adding excretaAlthough the composting process seems like a simple, especially urinepassive technology, to household organics produces compost with a higher nutrient value (Nwell-P-K) than compost produced only from kitchen functioning facility requires careful planning and garden wastes. Co-composting integrates excreta and solid waste management, optimizing efficiencydesign to avoid failure.

[[Image:Co-composting===Design Considerations=== The facility should be located close to the sources of organic waste and faecal sludge to minimize transport costs, but still at a distanceaway from homes and businesses to minimize nuisances.PNG‎|thumb|right|150px|[[Co-composting |Co-composting]]Depending on the climate and available space, in Yemen (for creditsthe facility may be covered to prevent excess evaporation and/or provide protection from rain and wind. For dewatered sludge, click a ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 of sludge to solid waste should be used. Liquid sludge should be used at a ratio of 1:5 to 1:10 of sludge to solid waste. Windrow piles should be at least 1 m high and insulated with compost or soil to promote an even distribution of heat inside the picture)]]pile.

<br>{{procontable | borderpro="- Relatively straightforward to set up and maintain with appropriate training <br>- Provides a valuable resource that can improve local agriculture and food production <br>- A high removal of helminth eggs is possible (< 1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"viable egg/g TS) <br>|-Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br>! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages- Low capital and operating costs <br>! style="background:#ffdead;" | Disadvantages|-No electrical energy required| valigncon="top" | Flexible approach with highly variable capacity. - Requires a large land area (that is well located) <br>- Long storage times <br>- Requires expert design and operation by skilled personnel <br>Toilet paper is decomposed. - Labour intensive <br>Through - Compost is too bulky to be economically transported over long distances}} ===Appropriateness=== A co-compostingfacility is only appropriate when there is an available source of well-sorted biodegradable solid waste. Solid waste containing plastics and garbage must first be sorted. When carefully done, co-composting can produce a useful clean, pleasant, beneficial soil conditioner. Since moisture plays an important role in the composting process, covered facilities are especially recommended where there is heavy rainfall. Apart from technical considerations, composting only makes sense if there is a demand for the product (from paying customers). In order to find buyers, a consistent and good quality compost has to be produced; this depends on good initial sorting and a well-controlled thermophilic process. ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Maintaining the temperature in the pile between 55 and 60 °C can reduce the pathogen load in sludge to a level safe end product to touch and work with. Although the finished compost can be safely handled, care should be taken when dealing with the sludge, regardless of the previous treatment. If the material is generated that combines nutrients found to be dusty, workers should wear protective clothing and use appropriate respiratory equipment. Proper ventilation and organic materialdust control are important. | valign==="top" | Operation & Maintenance=== The mixture must be carefully designed so that it has the proper C:N ratio, moisture and oxygen content. If facilities exist, it would be useful to monitor helminth egg inactivation as a proxy measure of sterilization. A well-trained staff is necessary for the operation andmaintenance requires moderate professional experienceof the facility. <br>Maintenance staff must carefully monitor the quality of the input material, and keep track of the inflows, outflows, turning schedules, and maturing times to ensure a high quality product. Forced aeration systems must be carefully controlledand monitored. Limited control Turning must be periodically done with either a front-end loader or by hand. Robust grinders for shredding large pieces of vectors solid waste (i.e., small branches and pest attractioncoconut shells) and pile turners help to optimize the process, reduce manual labour, and ensure a more homogenous end product. <br>Lower cost variants have a high land requirement===References and external links=== * Hoornweg, D., Thomas, L. and Otten, L. (2000). [http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/483421468740129529/pdf/multi0page.pdf Composting and Its Applicability in Developing Countries]. Urban Waste Management Working Paper Series No. 8. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., US.|}* Koné, D., Cofie, O., Zurbrügg, C., Gallizzi, K., Moser, D., Drescher, S. and Strauss, M. (2007). [https://ocw.un-ihe.org/pluginfile.php/4127/mod_resource/content/1/Helminth%20egg%20inactivation%20efficiency_Kone%20et%20al_WR41_2007.pdf Helminth Eggs Inactivation Efficiency by Faecal Sludge Dewatering and Co-Composting in Tropical Climates]. Water Research 41 (19): 4397-4402.

* Operation costs US$ 5Rouse, J., Rothenberger, S. and Zurbrügg, C. (2008): Marketing Compost, a Guide for Compost Producers in Low and Middle-30 /ton composted material Income Countries. Eawag (costs are higher on smaller sitesDepartment Sandec), Dübendorf, CH. * Capital costs - Depend on scale, space available, and design choices:Available at: [http://www.sandec.ch sandec. ch]

== Applying conditions ==<ul><li>The type of material* Strande, the climateL., the amount of space and the equipment and funds available all influence the system designRonteltap, especially windrow type M. and sizeBrdjanovic, recipe, and level of technologyD. (Eds.) (2014). <[https://li><li>Special measures, such as more frequent turning or covering the piles can accommodate extremes of climate or temperaturewww.susana. <org/li><li>Composting is a bioen/knowledge-chemical process, not a biohub/resources-mechanical one, and as such requires experience -publications/library/details/3591 Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and practical knowledgeOperation]. IWA Publishing, London, together with a high level UK. (Detailed book compiling the current state of management.</li></ul>knowledge on all aspects related to FSM)

== External links ==* Elizabeth Tilley etStrauss, M.al (2008), Drescher, S. [http://www, Zurbrügg, C.eawag, Montangero, A.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high, Cofie, O.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] Drechsel, P. (2003). [httphttps://www.eawagsusana.chorg/organisationen/abteilungenknowledge-hub/sandecresources-and-publications/publikationenlibrary/publications_sespdetails/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version1548 Co-Composting of Faecal Sludge and Municipal Organic Waste]). Department A Literature and State-of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries -Knowledge Review. Eawag ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Department Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science , Dübendorf, CH and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systemsIWMI, Accra, GH.)

* General information about Co-composting [http://www.ecosanres.org www.ecosanres.org ]* General information [http://www.gtz.de/ecosan www.gtz.de/ecosan ]* General information [http://www.sandec.ch www.sandec.ch ]===Acknowledgements===* General information [http{{://www.waste.nl www.waste.nl ]Acknowledgements Sanitation}}