<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-box|english_link=Human- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->Powered_Emptying_and_Transport|french_link=Vidange_et_Transport_manuels|spanish_link=Vaciado_y_Transporte_por_Fuerza_Humana|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{{santablesantable_new|
sys1=[[Single Pit System |1]]|
sys2=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits |2]]|
sys3=[[Pour Flush Pit System with Twin Pits without Sludge Production |3]]|
sys4=[[ Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
sys5=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys6=|[[Blackwater Treatment System with Effluent Transport| 7]]|
sys7=|
sys8=|
picsys9=Human_powered_emptying_and_transport.png|
ApplHousehold=XX|
ApplNeighbourhood=XX|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Faecal Sludge|Input2=Dried Faeces faeces |Input3=Compost/EcoHumus | Input4=Blackwater Pit Humus |Input5=|Output1= Faecal Sludge |Output2= Dried Faeces faeces | Output3= Compost/EcoHumus | Output4=Blackwater Pit Humus | Output5=
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[[Image:Icon_human_powered_emptying_and_transport.png |right|80px]]
'''Human-powered Emptying emptying and Transport transport refers to the different ways in by which people can manually empty and/or transport sludge and septagesolid products generated in onsite sanitation facilities.'''
[[Image:MAPET_and_Vacutug_system.PNG|thumb|right|200px|[[MAPET and Vacutug system |MAPET and Vacutug system]], in Tanzania (for credits, click the picture)]]
Human-powered Emptying and Transport emptying of pits , vaults and tanks can mean be done in one of three thingstwo ways:# using buckets and shovels, or# using a portable, manually operated pump specially designed for sludge (e.g., the Gulper, the Rammer, the MDHP or the MAPET).
* using Some sanitation technologies can only be emptied manually, for example, the [[Fossa Alterna]] (S.5) or [[Dehydration Vaults]] (S.7). These technologies must be emptied with a shovel because the material is solid and cannot be removed with a vacuum or a pump. When sludge is viscous or watery it should be emptied with a hand pump or a vacuum truck, and not with buckets because of the high risk of collapsing pits, toxic fumes, and exposure to unsanitized sludge. Manual sludge pumps are relatively new inventions and shovels;have shown promise as being low-cost, effective solutions for sludge emptying where, because of access, safety or economics, other emptying techniques are not possible.
* using a ===Design Considerations=== Sludge hand pumps, such as the Gulper, work on the same concept as water hand-pump specially designed for pumps: the bottom of the pipe is lowered into the pit/tank while the operator remains at the surface. As the operator pushes and pulls the handle, the sludge (e.gis pumped up and is then discharged through the discharge spout. The sludge can be collected in barrels, bags or carts, and removed from the Pooh Pump or site with little danger to the Gulper); operator. Hand pumps can be locally made with steel rods andvalves in a PVC casing.
* using Manual sludge pumps like the Pooh Pump or the Gulper are relatively new inventions and have shown promise as being low-cost, effective solutions for sludge emptying where, because of access, safety or economics, other sludge emptying techniques are not possible. The pump works on the same concept as a portablewater pump: the handle is pumped, manually operated the liquid (sludge) rises up through the bottom of the pump and is forced out of a tap (esludge spout). Hand-pumps can be made locally with steels rods and valves in a PVC casing. The bottom of the pipe is lowered down into the pit/tank while the operator remains at the surface to operate the pump, thus removing the need for someone to enter the pit.gAs the operator pushes and pulls the handle, the sludge is pumped up through the main shaft and is then discharged through the V-shaped discharge spout. MAPET: Manual Pit Emptying Technology)The sludge that is discharged can be collected in barrels, bags or carts, and removed from the site with little mess or danger to the operator.
A MAPET (MAnual Pit Emptying Technology) consists of a manually operated pump connected to a vacuum tank mounted on a pushcart. A hose is connected to the tank and is used to suck sludge from the pit. When the wheel of the hand pump is turned, air is sucked out of the vacuum tank and sludge is sucked up into the tank. Depending on the consistency of the sludge, the MAPET can pump up to a height of 3 m. A motorized version of the MAPET is the [[Motorized Emptying and Transport#Vacutug|Vacutug]], developed by UN-Habitat.
Some sanitation technologies can only be emptied manually, for ====Gulper====One example, the [[Fossa Alterna]] or [[Dehydration Vaults]]. These technologies must be emptied with of such a shovel because the material pump is solid and cannot be removed with a vacuum or a pumpThe Gulper. When sludge This is viscous or watery it should be emptied with a simple hand-pump, a MAPET or a vacuum truck, used to empty wet pit latrines and not with buckets because drain interceptor tanks. It consists of PVC pipes for the high risk of collapsing pits, toxic fumesbody, and exposure to the unsanitized sludgestainless steel valves and puller rod. The type of emptying that can, and should be employed, Gulper is very specific to lowered into the technology that needs emptying. Manual sludge pumps like the Pooh Pump or the Gulper are relatively new inventions and have shown promise as being lowpit with a footrest at ground-cost, effective solutions for sludge emptying where, because of access, safety or economics, other sludge emptying techniques are not possiblelevel. The pump works on the same concept as operator raises and lowers a water pump: the handle is pumpedpuller rod, which pushes the liquid (sludge) rises from the pit up through the bottom of the pump and is forced out of a tap (sludge spout). Hand-pumps can be made locally with steels rods and valves in pipe into a PVC casingbucket or bag. The bottom of the pipe is lowered down into Using the pit/tank while the operator remains at the surface to operate the pumpgulper, thus removing the operators no longer need for someone to enter climb into the pit. As the operator pushes pits and pulls the handle, come in contact with the septic sludge . It is pumped up through the main shaft and is then discharged through the V-shaped discharge spoutalso much less time consuming as it removes around 3 litres of sludge per stroke. The sludge that It is discharged can be collected in barrels, bags or cartsa cheaper method of improving sanitation, and removed from the site with little mess or danger than trying to replace the operatorpits by proper latrines. A MAPET consists of a hand pump connected to a vacuum tank mounted on a pushcartFor more [http://www. A hose is connected to the tank and is used to suck sludge from a pitideas-at-work. When the hand pump is turned, air is sucked out of the vacuum tank and sludge is sucked up into the tankorg/images/pdf/Gulper_pit_emptying_device. Depending on pdf information about the consistency of the sludge, the MAPET can pump up to a height of 3mGulper].
====Cartage systems====
Tricycles and push carts can be used to transport containers and oil drums containing urine or excreta. Push carts and tricycles (pedal or motorised) can access small streets. Tricycles can speed up the collection operation and increase the radius of the collection in urban areas, transporting the containers to transfer stations or to community treatment facilities. From transfer stations, urine and excreta can be loaded onto trucks or tractors, which can haul a larger volume over a long distance. Tricycles can collect door to door, although urine can also be collected in larger containers serving a number of houses.
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{{procontable | pro=
- Potential for local job creation and income generation. <br> - Gulper Simple hand pumps can be built and repaired with locally available materials. <br> - Low to moderate capitalcosts; variable operating costs depending on discharge point (sludge transport over 0.5km is impractical). distance <br> - Provides service services to unsewered areas/communities. <br> - Easy to clean and reusable. without sewers| con=- Spills may can happen. which could pose potential health risks and generate offensive smells <br> - Time consuming: emptying pits out can take several hours/days depending on the their size of the pit. <br> - MAPET requires some Garbage in pits may block pipe <br>- Some devices may require specialized repair (welding).
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===Appropriateness===
[[Image:Cartage_systems.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Cartage system |Cartage system]], motorized tricycle in India (for credits, click the picture)]]
==Adequacy== Hand-pumps are appropriate can be used for areas that are either not served by vacuum trucksliquid and, where vacuumtruck to a certain degree, viscous sludge. Domestic refuse in the pit makes emptying is too costlymuch more difficult. The pumping of sludge, which contains coarse solid wastes or where narrow streets and poor roads may limit the ability grease, can lead to clogging of a vacuum truck to access the sitedevice, and chemical additives can corrode pipes, pumps and tanks. The hand-pump is a significant improvement over the bucket method and could prove to be a sustainable business opportunity in some regions. The MAPET is also well suited to dense, urban and informal settlements, although in both cases, the distance to a suitable sludge discharge point is a limiting factor. These technologies are more feasible when there is a [[Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)|Transfer Station]] or [[Sewer Discharge Station]] nearby. One government-run emptying programme implemented a manual emptying scheme with great success by providing employment to community members with adequate protection and an appropriate wage. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance== Depending on cultural factors and political support, manual emptiers may be viewed as providing an important service to the community. Government-run programmes should strive to legitimize the work of the labourer and help improve the social climate by providing permits, licences and helping to legalize of the practice of manually emptying latrines. The most important aspect of manual emptying is ensuring that workers are adequately protected with gloves, boots, overalls and facemasks. Regular medical exams and vaccinations should be required for everyone working with sludge. ==Upgrading== To save time, vacuum trucks can be used rather than manual labour if it is appropriate and/or available.
==Maintenance==Manually operated sludge pumps are appropriate for areas that are not served or not accessible by vacuum trucks, or where vacuum truck emptying is too costly. They are well suited to dense, urban and informal settlements, although the type and size of transport vehicle determines the feasible distance to the discharge point. Large vehicles may not be able to manoeuvre within narrow streets and alleys, while smaller vehicles may not be able to travel long distances. These technologies are more feasible when there is a [[Transfer Station - Underground Holding Tank | Transfer Station]] (C.7) nearby.
The MAPET ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Depending on cultural factors and Sludge Pumps require daily maintenance (cleaningpolitical support, repairing and desinfection). Workers that manually empty latrines should clean and maintain their protective clothing and tools workers dealing with manual emptying may be viewed as providing an important service to prevent contact with the sludgecommunity. If manual access Government-run programmes should strive to legitimize the contents work of a pit require breaking open the slablabourers and create an enabling environment by providing permits and licences, it may be more cost effective as well as helping to use a Gulper to empty legalize the latrinepractice of emptying latrines manually. The Gulper cannot empty the entire pit and therefore, most important aspect of manual emptying may be required more frequently (once a year)is ensuring that workers are adequately protected with gloves, howeverboots, this may overalls and facemasks. Regular medical exams and vaccinations should be a cheaper alternative than replacing a broken slabrequired for everyone working with sludge.
===Operation & Maintenance===
It is a common practice to add chemicals or oil during the pit emptying process to avoid odours. This is not recommended, however, because it causes difficulties in the subsequent treatment units, as well as additional health threats to the workers. If manual access to the contents of a pit requires demolishing the slab, it may be more cost-effective to use a manual sludge pump to empty the latrine. However, hand pumps cannot empty the entire pit and, therefore, emptying may be required more frequently (once a year).
==References==Manually operated sludge pumps require daily maintenance (cleaning, repairing and disinfection). Workers who manually empty latrines should clean and maintain their protective clothing and tools to prevent contact with the sludge.
* Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems.)===References===
* Eales, K. (2005). Bringing [https://www.ircwash.org/resources/bringing-pit -emptying -out-darkness-comparison-approaches-durban-south-africa-and-kibera Bringing Pit Emptying out of the darknessDarkness: A comparison Comparison of approaches Approaches in Durban, South Africa, and Kibera, Kenya]. Building partnerships Partnerships for Development in Water and Sanitation, London, UK. Available: http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org (A comparison of two manual emptying projects.)
* Ideas at Work (2007). [https://sswm.info/node/2304 The ‘Gulper’ – a manual latrineManual Latrine/drain pit pumpDrain Pit Pump]. Ideas at Work, Cambodia. Available: http://www.ideas-at-workPhnom Penh, KH.org
* Muller, M. and Rijnsburger, J. (1994). [https://fr.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Muller-1994-MAPET.pdf MAPET. Manual Pit-latrine Emptying Technology Project]. Development and pilot implementation Pilot Implementation of a neighbourhood based pit emptying service Neighbourhood Based Pit Emptying Service with locally manufactured handpump equipment Locally Manufactured Handpump Equipment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 1988–1992. WASTE Consultants, NetherlandsGouda, NL.
* Oxfam (n2008).d[http://www.)desludging. org/ Manual Desludging Hand Pump (MDHP) Resources]. OxfamGB, Oxford, UK. Available: http://desludging.org
* Pickford, J. and Shaw, R. (1997). Emptying [https://www.ircwash.org/resources/technical-brief-no-54-emptying-latrine -pits, Waterlines, 16(2): 15–18. (Technical Brief, No. 54). Available: http://wwwEmptying Pit Latrines].lboro.acWEDC, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.uk
* Sugden, S. (n.d.). Excreta Management in Unplanned Areas. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Available===Acknowledgements==={{: http://siteresources.worldbank.orgAcknowledgements Sanitation}}
