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<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->box|english_link=Dehydration_Vaults|french_link=Chambre_de_déshydratation|spanish_link=Camaras_de_Deshidratacion|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}

Input1=Faeces |Input2=Dry Cleansing Materials| Organics |Input3=|Input4=|Input5=|

|[[Image:Dehydration_vaults.png |right|300px500px]]

[[Image:Icon_dehydration_vault.png |right|95px]]<br>'''Dehydration vaults are used to collect, store and dry (dehydrate) faeces. Faeces will only dehydrate when the vaults are watertight to prevent external moisture from entering and when urine and anal cleansing water are diverted away from the vaults.'''---- [[Image:Vaults_and_chambers.PNG|thumb|right|150px|[[Vaults and chambers |Dy]], in South Africa(for credits, click the picture)]] [[Image:Dehydration.PNG‎|thumb|right|150px|[[Dehydration |Dehydration]], in Ecuador (for credits, click the picture)]]<br>

When urine is separated from faeces, the faeces dry quickly. In the absence of moisture, organisms cannot grow and as such, smells are minimized and pathogens are destroyed. Vaults used for drying faeces in the absence of urine have various local names. One of the most common names for this technology is the Vietnamese Double Vaults[[Image:Icon_dehydration_vault.png |right|80px]]

Excreta may dry inside the vault as a result of sun radiation'''Dehydration vaults are used to collect, natural evaporation store and ventilationdry (dehydrate) faeces. Absorbents such as limeFaeces will only dehydrate when the vaults are well ventilated, ash or dry soil should be added watertight to the chamber after each defecation in order to absorb prevent external moisture, making the pile less compact. The product from a dehydration process is a kind of mulchentering, rich in humus, carbon, fibrous material, phosphorous and potassium. It should be stored, sun-dried or composted in order to kill off all pathogenswhen urine and anal cleansing water are diverted away from the vaults.'''

A family of 6 will produce 500L of faeces in approximately six months<br>[[Image:Vaults_and_chambers. For design purposes it is recommended to assume that one person will require almost 100L of faeces storage space every six months. The vaults should be slightly oversized to account for airflowPNG|thumb|right|200px|[[Vaults and chambers |Dy]], visitors and the non-even distribution of faeces in the chamber. Each vault is sized to accommodate sixmonths of faeces accumulation which in turnSouth Africa(for credits, results in a six month drying time in click the out-of-service vault.picture)]]

Two When faeces are not mixed with urine and other liquids, they dry quickly. In the absence of moisture, organisms cannot grow, pathogens are destroyed and smells minimized. The use of two alternating vaults allow allows the faeces to dehydrate in one vault while the other vault fills. When one vault is full it is sealed with a lid and , the [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet | Urine-Diverting Dry Toilet]] (UDDT (U2, U.2) is moved to the second vault. While the second vault fills up, the faeces in the first vault slowly dry and decrease in volume. When the second vault is full, it is sealed, the dry material from the first vault one is removed emptied and the first vault is then put back into service. To prevent flies, minimize odours and encourage drying, a small amount of ash, lime, dry soil or sawdust should be used to cover faeces after each use.

The ===Design Considerations=== Dehydration vaults must can be watertight constructed indoors or with a separate superstructure. A vent pipe is required to keep remove humidity from the faeces as dry as possiblevaults and control flies and odours. The chambers should be airtight for proper functioning of the ventilation. Chambers They should be constructed made of sealed block brickwork or formed concrete to ensure that rainwater, surface run-offrunoff cannot enter. The WHO recommends a minimum storage time of 6 months if ash or lime are used as cover material (alkaline treatment), greywater and urine are prevented from entering otherwise the vaults. Urine can storage should be collected in a bucket for at least 1 year for warm climates (>20 °C average) and discharge for 1.5 to the ground (garden) or stored in a tank 2 years for future transport and usecolder climates.

A vent In case of alkaline treatment, each vault is required sized to help keep accommodate at least 6 months of faeces accumulation. This results in a 6 month storage and dehydration time in the out-of-service vault. The vault dimensions should account for cover material, airflow, the vaults uneven distribution of faeces, and possibly visitors and dry cleansing materials. It can be assumed that one person will require around 50 L of storage volume every 6 months. A minimum chamber height of 60 to 80 cm is recommended for easy emptying and control flies and odoursaccess to the urine pipes.

- Significant reduction in pathogens<br>- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials. <br> - Because double pits are used alternately, their life is virtually unlimited. <br> - Potential for use of dried faeces as soil conditioner<br>- Good in rocky and/or flooded areas. <br> - Excavation of dried faeces is easier than faecal sludge. <br> - No real problems with flies or odours if used correctly(i.e. <br> - Does not require a constant source of water, kept dry). <br> - Suitable for all types of user (sitters, squatters, washers and wipers). <br> - Low (but variable) capital costs depending on materials; no or low operating costs. <br> - Small land area required. | con=- Requires education training and acceptance to be used correctly. <br> - Requires constant source of cover material, e.g. ash, sand or lime. <br> - Requires a place where urine and treated Manual removal of dried faeces can be used or discharged. <br> - Urine and faeces require manual removal. is required

==Adequacy=Appropriateness===Dehydration Vaults vaults can be installed in almost every setting , from rural to dense urban areas, because of the small land area required, the minimal odours and the ease of use. They If used in an urban context, this technology relies on a transport service for the dried faeces (and urine) since urban users normally do not have an interest and/or opportunity to use it locally. Dehydration vaults are especially appropriate for water -scarce and rocky areasor where the groundwater table is high. In They are also suitable in areas that are frequently flooded, Dehydration Vaults are appropriate because they are constructed built to be watertight. Furthermore, where there is no plot of land available, the vaults can be installed indoors, which also makes this technology applicable for colder climates (where leaving the house is less desirable). ==Health Aspects/Acceptance ==

===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Dehydration Vaults vaults can be a clean, comfortable, and easy-to-use technology. When It is crucial, however, that the users are well educated and trained to understand how the technology works they may be more willing to accept it as a viable sanitation solutionand appreciate its benefits. When the vaults are kept dry, there should not be no any problems with flies or odours. Faeces from After the recommended storage time, the double vaults faeces should be very dry and relatively safe to handle , provided that they were continuously covered with material and did not allowed to get wet. However, a low health risk remains. Single dehydration vaults or bins do not allow faeces to sufficiently dehydrate.

There When the full container needs emptying, the faeces on top are still fresh. Hence, the risk associated with the handling of faecal matter is a low health risk for those whom have inherently higher in single vaults compared to empty double vault designs. The use of alternating chambers is, therefore, recommended. However, research and field tests of sealed faeces containers (or change cartridges) for safe transportation and easy cleaning, along with the urine container. Faeces that have been dried for over one year also pose a low health riskcorresponding logistics, are on-going.

==Upgrading=Operation & Maintenance= == Just like the faeces which are dried, but not degraded in the vaults, dry cleansing materials will not decompose in the chambers. Whenever the material is intended to be applied onto fields without further treatment, it is recommended to separately collect and dispose of the dry cleansing materials. Occasionally, the faeces that have accumulated beneath the toilet should be pushed to the sides of the chamber.

There is a risk however when using single vaults, Care should be taken to ensure that no water or urine gets into the top portion of dehydration vault. If this happens, extra ash, lime, soil or sawdust can be added to help absorb the faeces will not be fully dried and/or hygienizedliquid. Single To empty the vaults are not recommended , a shovel, gloves and possibly a facemask (because of the need to handle fresh faecescloth) and should, whenever possible be upgraded used to a double vaultavoid contact with the dried faeces.

==Maintenance=References===

To prevent flies* Deegener, minimize odours and encourage drying, a small amount of ashS., soilSamwel, or lime should be used to cover faeces after each useM. Care should be taken to ensure that no water or urine gets into the Dehydration Vault. If this happens, extra soil, ash, limeand Gabizon, or sawdust can be added to help absorb the liquidS. Because the faeces are not actually degraded (just dried2006), dry cleansing materials must not be added to the Dehydration Vaults as they will not decompose. Occasionally, the mounded faeces beneath the toilet hole should be pushed to the sides of the pit for an even drying[https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/430 Urine Diverting Toilets. Where water is used for cleansingPrinciples, an appropriate User Interface should be installed to divert Operation and collect it separatelyConstruction]. To empty the vaultsWomen in Europe for a Common Future, a shovelUtrecht, gloves NL and possibly a face mask (cloth) should be used to limit contact with the dried faecesMunich, DE.

==Acknowledgements=={{* Winblad, U. and Simpson-Hébert, M. (Eds.) (2004). [http:Acknowledgements //www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/Ecological_Sanitation_2004.pdf Ecological Sanitation}}. Revised and Enlarged Edition]. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, SE. (A general description of various designs and adaptations, especially Chapter 3)

==References * WHO (2006). [https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg4/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and external links==Greywater. Volume 4: Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture]. World Health Organization, Geneva, CH.

* (-) Manual del Sanitario Ecologico Seco. Available: [http://www.zoomzapwho.com (A very comprehensive manual int/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/en/ WHO: Guidelines on dry chamber construction including detailed instruction sanitation and material lists. In Spanish.)health - 2018]

* GTZ (2005). Urine diverting dry toilets programme dissemination (data sheet). GTZ, Germany. Available===Acknowledgements==={{: www.gtz.de (General overview of Dehydration Chambers with some dimensioning and materials lists.) * Winblad, U., and Simpson-Herbert, M. (eds.) (2004). Ecological Acknowledgements Sanitation - revised and enlarged edition. SEI, Stockholm, Sweden. (A general description of various designs and adaptations, especially Chapter 3.) * Women in Europe for a Common Future (2006). Urine diverting Toilets: Principles, Operation and Construction. Available: http://www.wecf.de (Photos and explanation of how to build a double vault and superstructure.)}}