Difference between revisions of "Urine Diverting Flush Toilet"

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|{{Language-box|english_link=Urine_Diverting_Dry_Toilet|french_link=Toilettes_sèches_avec_séparation_d’urine|spanish_link=Retrete_Seco_con_Desvio_de_Orina|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}
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|style="width:50%;"|{{santable_short_new|
 
|style="width:50%;"|{{santable_short_new|
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sys1=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|8]]|
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sys1=[[Biogas System|5]]|
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pic=Urine_diverting_flush_toilet.png|
 
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Input1=Urine|Input2=Faeces |Input3=Flushwater| Input4=Dry cleansing material |Input5=Anal cleansing water|
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Input1=Urine|Input2=Faeces |Input3=Flushwater| Input4=Dry cleansing materials |Input5=Anal cleansing water|
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Output1=Urine| Output2=Brownwater | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
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Output1=Brownwater| Output2=Urine | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
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|english_link=Urine_Diverting_Flush_Toilet
 
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<br>
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<br>
  
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[[Image:Icon_urine_diverting_flush_toilet.png |right|80px]]
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'''The Urine Diverting Flush Toilet (UDFT) is similar in appearance to a [[Cistern Flush Toilet | Cistern Flush Toilet]] (U.5) except for the diversion in the bowl. The toilet bowl has two sections so that the urine can be separated from the faeces. Both sitting and squatting models exist.'''
  
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[[Image:Icon_urine_diverting_flush_toilet.png |right|95px]]
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Urine is collected in a drain in the front of the toilet and faeces are collected in the back. The urine is collected
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'''The Urine Diverting Flush Toilet (UDFT) is similar in appearance to a Cistern Flush Toilet except for the diversion in the bowl. The toilet bowl has two sections so that the urine can be separated from the faeces.'''
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without water, but a small amount of water is used to rinse the urine-collection bowl when the toilet is
 +
flushed. The urine flows into a storage tank for further use or processing, while the faeces are flushed with
 +
water to be treated.
  
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When the user sits on the toilet, urine is collected in a drain in the front (where there is no water) and faeces are collected in the back (where there is water). The urine is collected without water, but a small amount of water is used to rinse the urine-collection bowl after the user stands up. The urine flows into a storage tank for further use or processing, while the faeces are flushed with water to be treated. The system requires dual plumbing (i.e. plumbing for the urine and for the brownwater).
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===Design Considerations===
 +
The system requires dual plumbing, i.e., separate piping for urine and brownwater (faeces, dry cleansing material and flushing water). The toilet should be installed carefully with an understanding of how and where clogs may occur so that they can be prevented and easily removed. For the discharge of urine, plastic pipes should be used to prevent corrosion. To limit scaling, all connections (pipes) to storage tanks should be kept as short as possible; whenever they exist, pipes should be installed with at least a 1% slope, and sharp angles (90°) should be avoided. A pipe diameter of 50 mm is sufficient for steep slopes and where maintenance is easy. Larger diameter pipes (> 75 mm) should be used elsewhere, especially for minimum slopes, and where access is difficult.
  
 +
<br>
 
{{procontable | pro=
 
{{procontable | pro=
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- Requires less water than a traditional Flush Toilet.<br> - No real problems with odours if used correctly.<br> - Looks like, and can be used almost like, a Cistern Flush Toilet | con=
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- Requires less water than a traditional Cistern Flush Toilet.<br>  
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- Limited availability; can not be built or repaired locally.<br> - High capital and low to moderate operating costs (depending on parts and maintenance). <br> - Labour-intensive maintenance. <br> - The toilet is not intuitive; requires education and acceptance to be used correctly. <br> - Is prone to clogging and misuse. <br> - Requires a constant source of water. <br> - Men usually require a separate Urinal for optimum collection of urine.  
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- No real problems with odours if used correctly.<br>  
 +
- Looks like, and can be used almost like, a Cistern Flush Toilet  
 +
| con=
 +
- Limited availability; can not be built or repaired locally.<br>  
 +
- High capital costs; operating costs depend on parts and maintenance <br>  
 +
- Labour-intensive maintenance. <br>  
 +
- Requires training and acceptance to be used correctly<br>  
 +
- Is prone to clogging and misuse. <br>  
 +
- Requires a constant source of water. <br>  
 +
- Men usually require a separate Urinal for optimum collection of urine.  
 
}}
 
}}
  
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==Adequacy==  
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===Appropriateness===  
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A UDFT is adequate when there is enough water for flushing, a treatment technology for the brownwater and a use for the collected urine. To improve diversion efficiency, Urinals (U.3) for men are recommended. UDFTs are suitable for public and private applications, although significant training and awareness is required in public settings to ensure proper use and minimize clogging.
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The toilet should be installed carefully with an understanding of how and where clogs may occur so that they can be easily removed. A UDFT is adequate when there is a limited supply of water for flushing, a treatment technology for the brownwater (i.e. faeces, dry cleansing material and flushing water) and a use for the collected urine. To improve diversion efficiency, Urinals for men are recommended. UDFTs are suitable for public and private applications although significant education and awareness is required in public settings to ensure proper use and to minimize clogging. This technology requires dual plumbing (separate for urine and brownwater), which is more complicated than plumbing for Cistern Flush Toilets.
 
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==Health Aspects/Acceptance==
 
  
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Information cards and/or diagrams are essential for ensuring proper use and for promoting acceptance; if users understand wh Ythe urine is being separated they will be more willing to use the UDFT properly. Proper plumbing will ensure that there are no odours.
+
Since this technology requires separate pipes for urine and brownwater collection, the plumbing is more complicated than for Cistern Flush Toilets. Particularly, the proper design and installation of the urine pipes is crucial, and requires expertise.
  
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==Maintenance==  
+
===Health Aspects/Acceptance===
 +
Information cards and/or diagrams are essential for ensuring proper use and for promoting acceptance; if users understand why the urine is being separated, they will be more willing to use the UDFT properly. Correct plumbing will ensure that there are no odours.
  
−
As with any toilet, proper cleaning is important to keep the bowl(s) clean and prevent organic residues and stains from forming. Because urine is collected separately, calcium- and magnesium-based minerals can precipitate out and build up in the fittings and pipes. Washing the bowl with a mild acid and/or hot water can prevent the build-up of mineral deposits; stronger (>24 % acetic) acid or a caustic soda solution (2 parts water to 1 part soda) can be used for removing blockages however, some manual removal may be required periodically. To limit scaling, all connections (pipes) to storage tanks should be kept as short as possible; whenever the Yexist, pipes should be installed with at least a 1 % slope and sharp (90°) angles should be avoided. Larger diameter pipes (75mm for low maintenance and 50mm for higher maintenance) should be used.
+
===Operation & Maintenance===
 +
As with any toilet, proper cleaning is important to keep the bowl(s) clean and prevent stains from forming. Because urine is collected separately, calcium- and magnesium-based minerals and salts can precipitate and build up in the fittings and pipes. Washing the bowl with a mild acid (e.g., vinegar) and/or hot water can prevent the build-up of mineral deposits and scaling. Stronger (> 24% acetic) acid or a caustic soda solution (2 parts water to 1 part soda) can be used for removing blockages. However, in some cases manual removal may be required.
  
−
==Manuals, videos and links==
+
===Manuals, videos and links===
 +
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20150331190748/http://www.wsp.org/hwws-toolkit/hwws-tk-home Handwashing with Soap Toolkit]
  
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* [https://www.wsp.org/hwws-toolkit/hwws-tk-home?utm_source=Newsletter_May_2013&utm_campaign=Wasrag+February+2013Newsletter&utm_medium=email Handwashing with Soap Toolkit]
+
===References===
 +
* Kvarnström, E., Emilsson, K., Richert Stintzing, A., Johansson, M., Jönsson, H., af Petersens, E., Schönning, C., Christensen, J., Hellström, D., Qvarnström, L., Ridderstolpe, P. and Drangert, J.-O. (2006). [https://mediamanager.sei.org/documents/Publications/SEI-Report-Kvarnstrom-UrineDiversion-2006-1.pdf Urine Diversion: One Step Towards Sustainable Sanitation]. Report 2006–1, EcoSanRes: Ecosan Publications Series, Stockholm, SE.
  
−
==References==
+
* Larsen, T. A. and Lienert, J. (2007). [http://www.novaquatis.eawag.ch/publikationen/final_report_E.pdf Novaquatis Final Report. NoMix – A New Approach to Urban Water Management]. Eawag, Dübendorf, CH.
  
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* GTZ (1999). [http://www.gtz.de Technical data sheets for ecosan components:  Urine diversion Toilets]. GTZ, Germany. Provides a thorough comparison of the Flush Toilets with  Urine diversion currently on the market. Information includes  contact information and pricing as well as a description  of the installation and maintenance requirements.
+
* von Münch, E. and Winker, M. (2011). [http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-875-giz2011-en-technology-review-urine-diversion.pdf Technology Review of Urine Diversion Components. Overview of Urine Diversion Components Such as Waterless Urinals, Urine Diversion Toilets, Urine Storage and Reuse Systems]. Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, DE.  
  
−
* Kvarnström, E., et al. (2006). [http://www.ecosanres.org Urine Diversion – One step  towards sustainable sanitation]. Report 2006–1.  Ecosan Res: Ecosan Publication Series, Stockholm.
+
* Winker, M. and Saadoun, A. (2011). [https://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-63-en-susana-cs-germany-eschborn-haus1-16122011-docx.pdf Urine and Brownwater Separation at GTZ Main Office Building Eschborn, Germany – Case Study of Sustainable Sanitation Projects]. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA), Eschborn, DE.
  
−
==Acknowledgements==
+
===Acknowledgements===
 
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}
 
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}

Latest revision as of 18:56, 5 September 2020

English Français Español भारत മലയാളം தமிழ் 한국어 中國 Indonesia Japanese
Applicable to systems:
5, 9
Inputs
Urine, Faeces, Flushwater, Dry cleansing materials, Anal cleansing water
Outputs
Brownwater, Urine

Urine diverting flush toilet.png



Icon urine diverting flush toilet.png

The Urine Diverting Flush Toilet (UDFT) is similar in appearance to a Cistern Flush Toilet (U.5) except for the diversion in the bowl. The toilet bowl has two sections so that the urine can be separated from the faeces. Both sitting and squatting models exist.

Urine is collected in a drain in the front of the toilet and faeces are collected in the back. The urine is collected without water, but a small amount of water is used to rinse the urine-collection bowl when the toilet is flushed. The urine flows into a storage tank for further use or processing, while the faeces are flushed with water to be treated.

Design Considerations

The system requires dual plumbing, i.e., separate piping for urine and brownwater (faeces, dry cleansing material and flushing water). The toilet should be installed carefully with an understanding of how and where clogs may occur so that they can be prevented and easily removed. For the discharge of urine, plastic pipes should be used to prevent corrosion. To limit scaling, all connections (pipes) to storage tanks should be kept as short as possible; whenever they exist, pipes should be installed with at least a 1% slope, and sharp angles (90°) should be avoided. A pipe diameter of 50 mm is sufficient for steep slopes and where maintenance is easy. Larger diameter pipes (> 75 mm) should be used elsewhere, especially for minimum slopes, and where access is difficult.


Advantages Disadvantages/limitations
- Requires less water than a traditional Cistern Flush Toilet.

- No real problems with odours if used correctly.
- Looks like, and can be used almost like, a Cistern Flush Toilet

- Limited availability; can not be built or repaired locally.

- High capital costs; operating costs depend on parts and maintenance
- Labour-intensive maintenance.
- Requires training and acceptance to be used correctly
- Is prone to clogging and misuse.
- Requires a constant source of water.
- Men usually require a separate Urinal for optimum collection of urine.


Appropriateness

A UDFT is adequate when there is enough water for flushing, a treatment technology for the brownwater and a use for the collected urine. To improve diversion efficiency, Urinals (U.3) for men are recommended. UDFTs are suitable for public and private applications, although significant training and awareness is required in public settings to ensure proper use and minimize clogging.

Since this technology requires separate pipes for urine and brownwater collection, the plumbing is more complicated than for Cistern Flush Toilets. Particularly, the proper design and installation of the urine pipes is crucial, and requires expertise.

Health Aspects/Acceptance

Information cards and/or diagrams are essential for ensuring proper use and for promoting acceptance; if users understand why the urine is being separated, they will be more willing to use the UDFT properly. Correct plumbing will ensure that there are no odours.

Operation & Maintenance

As with any toilet, proper cleaning is important to keep the bowl(s) clean and prevent stains from forming. Because urine is collected separately, calcium- and magnesium-based minerals and salts can precipitate and build up in the fittings and pipes. Washing the bowl with a mild acid (e.g., vinegar) and/or hot water can prevent the build-up of mineral deposits and scaling. Stronger (> 24% acetic) acid or a caustic soda solution (2 parts water to 1 part soda) can be used for removing blockages. However, in some cases manual removal may be required.

Manuals, videos and links

References

  • Kvarnström, E., Emilsson, K., Richert Stintzing, A., Johansson, M., Jönsson, H., af Petersens, E., Schönning, C., Christensen, J., Hellström, D., Qvarnström, L., Ridderstolpe, P. and Drangert, J.-O. (2006). Urine Diversion: One Step Towards Sustainable Sanitation. Report 2006–1, EcoSanRes: Ecosan Publications Series, Stockholm, SE.

Acknowledgements

Eawag compendium cover.png

The material on this page was adapted from:

Elizabeth Tilley, Lukas Ulrich, Christoph Lüthi, Philippe Reymond and Christian Zurbrügg (2014). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, published by Sandec, the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries of Eawag, the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.

The 2nd edition publication is available in English. French and Spanish are yet to come.

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