Changes

[[Image:Rope_pump_icon.png|right]][[Image:RopePumpMozambique.JPG|thumb|right|150px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]] on a borehole, made in a local workshop in Mozambique ]][[Image:An illustration of the basic rope{{Language-pump design in the west circa 1433.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Rope pump| Rope Pump]] first illustrated in the west circa 1433 <ref>Weisbaden, Ludwig, ed. et al. Facsimile of De Ingeineis, Liber Primus Leonis, Liber Secundis Draconis, Addenda [online]. Germany: Satz Und Druck, 1984. Available at: http://digital.library.cornell.edu/k/kmoddl/pdf/037_001.pdf [April 2009]</ref>]][[Image:RopePumpvietnam.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Rope pumpbox| english_link= Rope pump]] used for rice paddy irrigation in Vietnam]][[Image:RopePumpZambia.jpg|thumbfrench_link= Coming soon |rightspanish_link= Coming soon |150pxhindi_link= Coming soon |[[Rope pumpmalayalam_link= Coming soon | Rope pump]] used for irrigation in Zambia]][[Image:Rope_pump.PNGtamil_link= Coming soon |thumbswahili_link=coming soon |rightkorean_link= Coming soon |150pxchinese_link=绳泵|[[Rope pump indonesian_link= Coming soon | Rope pump ]], (Victory model) on a hand-dug of 20 meters deep well, made in a local workshop in northern Ghana ]][[Image:RopePumpBicycle.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]], bicycle model, produced and used in Nicaragua]][[Image:RopePumpMotor.png|thumb|right|150px|[[Rope pump| Motorized rope pump]], powered by a diesel motor, used for irrigation. Pumping from a 25m well.]][[Image:Rope pump cross section.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]] Cross section diagram of a rope pump on a capped well]]japanese_link= Coming soon }}

The '''modern Rope Pump''' pump is a highly '''efficient''', modern and '''low cost''' pump , it can be produced with local materials and one of the few designs that can be truly be operated and '''maintained totally at a village level'''. There are various modern developments of the ancient design but the The basic design of all pumps is '''has a wheel with a continuous loop of rope with pistons (or plastic washers) attached to it, that fit with a small clearance in the pump pipe. The low end of this pipe is at the bottom of the well. By turning the wheel the rope passes up through a plastic the PVC pump pipe with only a small clearance, thus allowing the pistons to push and pushes the water up and out of . At the top end of the pump pipe'''. Rope pumps have proven highly successful , the diameter increases and there are hundreds of thousands of pumps in use world wide and used for anything from community adn domestic the water supply to irrigation and cattle watering. For wells down to 35 m, rope pumps are often five times cheaper and more sustainable than standard piston pumps. Rope pumps can be powered by hand, bicycle, motor, horse, or wind powercomes out via a Tee piece.

==History If produced and social context==installed well, Rope pumps prove to be sustainable and now there are 120,000 of these pumps world wide used for communal and domestic water supply, irrigation and cattle watering. Modern models can pump from wells as deep as 35 m and compared to imported hand pumps, Rope pumps are three to five times cheaper. Good quality pumps can last for 20 years or more as is proven in Nicaragua where the first improved models that were installed in 1990 are still working. Rope pumps can be powered by hand, bicycle, motor, horse, or wind power.

==== Origins ====The almost intuitive design is known by many other names , including the paternoster (after the beaded prayer chain it resembles), Noria pump, liberation pump or ropechain-and-washer pump. It is a relatively recent development of but all have the ancient chain-and-washer same pumpprinciple. Evidence of the chain-and-washer this pump principle dates back as far as two thousand years, to feudal China <ref> Fraenkel, Peter, and Thake, Jeremy. Water Lifting Devices, A handbook for users and choosers, 3rd ed. UK, Rugby: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd, 2006. </ref>. The earliest report of the design in the west is cited <ref> Olsen, J. P. Greek & Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1984. </ref> as that illustrated by the Sienese early renaissance engineer, Tacolla, circa 1433 <ref> Tacolla, Mariano. De Ingeineis, Liber Primus Leonis, Liber Secundis Draconis, Addenda. c. 1433, folio 80. </ref>, a copy of which is given in the figure to the right <ref>Weisbaden, Ludwig, ed. et al. Facsimile of De Ingeineis, Liber Primus Leonis, Liber Secundis Draconis, Addenda [online]. Germany: Satz Und Druck, 1984. Available at: http://digital.library.cornell.edu/k/kmoddl/pdf/037_001.pdf [April 2009]</ref>. In the 1970 and 80s the basic design was developed by numerous individuals, the most prominent of which were Alberts <ref>Alberts, J. H. The rope-pump - an example of technology transfer. Waterlines, January 2004, Vol. 22 (3), 22-25.</ref>, Haemhouts <ref>Sandiford, Peter, et al. The Nicaraguan Rope-pump. Waterlines, January 1993, Vol. 11 (3).</ref> and Lambert <ref>Lambert, R. A. How to build a rope-and-washer pump. London: Intermediate Technology Design Group, 1990.</ref>. and Thorpe. They applied the simple design as a tool aimed at economic and social development. They took advantage of low cost and versatile modern plastics to produce the modern rope-pump design.

==== Recent Experience ====Because [http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/118633 Water Lifting Devices, A handbook for users and choosers], 3rd ed. UK, Rugby: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd, 2006.</ref>. The earliest report of the design in the west is cited <ref> Olsen, J. P. [https://utorontopress.com/us/greek-and-roman-mechanical-water-lifting-devices-1 Greek & Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology]. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1984. </ref> as that illustrated by the Sienese early renaissance engineer, Tacolla, circa 1433 <ref> Tacolla, Mariano. ''De Ingeineis'', Liber Primus Leonis, Liber Secundis Draconis, Addenda. c. 1433, folio 80. </ref>, a copy of which is given in the figure to the right <ref>Weisbaden, Ludwig, ed. et al. [http://digital.library.cornell.edu/k/kmoddl/pdf/037_001.pdf Facsimile of its low costDe Ingeineis], Liber Primus Leonis, Liber Secundis Draconis, Addenda [online]. Germany: Satz Und Druck, 1984. [April 2009]</ref>. In the 1970 and 80s the basic design was adapted by numerous individuals, the most prominent of which were R. van Tijen of Demotech, J. Haemhouts <ref>Sandiford, Peter, et al. [http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/116194 The Nicaraguan Rope-pump]. ''Waterlines'', January 1993, Vol. 11 (3).</ref> <ref> Lammerink, M.P. et al. [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/evaluation-report-nicaraguan-experiences-rope-pump is also popular for domestic use-final-report EVALUATION REPORT NICARAGUAN EXPERIENCES WITH ROPE PUMP] The Netherlands: IRC, 1995. </ref> and R. Lambert <ref>Lambert, R. A survey among 5,025 rural families in Nicaragua indicates that . [http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/110481 How to make a rope -and-washer pump increases income]. London: Intermediate Technology Design Group, even if used for domestic purposes only1990.</ref>. Families with They applied the simple design as a tool aimed at economic and social development. They took advantage of low cost and versatile modern plastics to produce the modern rope-pump earn US$ 220 per year more than families without design. They applied this pump as a homemade, low lift pump. In However the early models did not really take off and a successful scaling up of the Rope pump only started in 1988 in Nicaragua where the pump was technically improved by Van Hemert of the pumps are now being organization SNV and Alberts of Bombas de mecate. They made it into a compact metal model fit for commercial sales, produced commercially and sold by 20 workshopslocal private companies. V. Hemert and Alberts <ref>Alberts, J. H. [http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Alberts-2004-Rope.pdf The rope-pump - an example of technology transfer]. ''Waterlines'', January 2004, Vol. 22 (3), 22-25.</ref> Holtslag.

==Suitable conditions ==A [[Image:An illustration of the basic rope -pump can be used to draw water from wells or boreholesdesign in the west circa 1433. Applications include communal wellsjpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope Pump]] first illustrated in the west circa 1433 <ref>Weisbaden, householdsLudwig, irrigationed. et al. [http://digital.library.cornell.edu/k/kmoddl/pdf/037_001.pdf Facsimile of De Ingeineis], Liber Primus Leonis, Liber Secundis Draconis, Addenda [online]. Germany: Satz Und Druck, and cattle watering1984.[April 2009]</ref>]]

===Suitable conditions===[[Image:horse rope pump.jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''Horse Rope pump''', powered by horses or donkeys. Pumps from wells to 65 m deep. Pump capacity 5 times more than a hand powered model. Used in Nicaragua. Photo: Henk Holtslag]]A Rope pump can be used to draw water from large diameter hand dug wells of 3 meters to boreholes as small as 6 cm. One person can draw water up to from 35 mdeep, two persons can pump to 60m from 60 m deep (using a second crank)and if powered by an engine it can pump from 100 meters or more. A rope Rope pump can be driven by hand, windmill, motor, bicycle, and animals, wind or engines. A rope If well made, a hand Rope pump can pump 40 delivers 35 litres / min from 10 meters depthand halve of that if the well is 20 metres deep. Rope Pumps can be [http://www.mawama.org/rope-pump/rope-pump-efficiency very efficient] but typically have an efficiencies of 65%, [http://www.mawama.org/rope-pump/rope-pump-efficiency model equations of the rope pump] confirm the best rope speed to around 1.2m/s and the piston spacing to be 1m. Hand pump models are most commonly used at depths less than 35m.

Some 70,000 rope Rope pumps are now in use in Nicaragua, 2010,000 in countries like Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvadorand Bolivia. 30, 000 in African countries like Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi and 6000 in Cambodia, and India, Vietnam, and others. In total, the Rope pump is used in over 30 25 countries.

The Rope pump can be used by is most suitable for single families, or but is also often used for communities up to 20 families (100 150 people).

{{procontable | proborder="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|-! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages|- Significantly cheaper (up to 5 times) than piston pumps. <br>| valign="top" | - If made well, one pump can supply up to 250 people as experiences in Nicaragua, Ghana and other countries indicate. HoweverSimple, suggested use is for maximum of 20 families (100 people) no “black box” <br> - Easy to maintain. <br>- Easy to train on production, maintenance. <br>- Can be made locally by workshop. workshops <br> - Significantly (5 to 8 times) cheaper than imported piston pumps for the same depth <br> - Rotating movement, no dynamic force like in piston pumps<br> - Pump parts in the wells plastic and concrete (no corrosion) <br> - Rotating shaft, easy to power by bicycle, animals, windmills, electric motors or combustion engines <br> - Ideal to be used by one or two families in a shallow well on their own yard. <br>- Can be used Fit for irrigation and , therefore used as income generation. <br>- Can be driven by handIf made well, windmillone pump can supply up to 250 people as is the experience in Nicaragua, motorTanzania, bicycleMalawi and other countries. However, animals. <br>suggested use is for maximum of 20 families (150 people)

| convalign= "top" | - The rope pump It is simple which is easy good but also leads to copy, but bad copying (materials, construction) leads to resulting in early break down.and bad image <br>- Lack of Requires frequent maintenance and installation errorslike oiling the bushings, can lead if not leads to early wearing out or and breakage of pump partshandle <br>- A “blocking system” is needed on the handle to avoid return of the handle, if not the "spinning back" of the handle which can be dangerous, especially for children.<br>- It cannot pump higher than the pump outlet <br>- Compared to piston pumps the rope pumps Rope pump is semi-open at the top which in theory, can cause contamination of the well. (if well made this is hardly a problem in practice) <br> - The Rope pump splashes morethan piston pumps.<br>- Not suitable as a community pump for more communities larger than 20 families.<br>}|}

==Technical specification=Construction, operations and maintenance===With different depths[[Image:Rope_pump_action_diagram.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]], different sizes An illustration of the pumping action of a rope pump pipes are needed. However, otherwise this drawing needs adaptation. The pipe diameter at and above the pumping becomes to heavyTee piece should be larger than the pump pipe. This is essential for good functioning of the pump. See manuals on websites Now most of the water will come out at the top!]]of [http[Image://wwwRope_pump.practicafoundationPNG|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump | Rope pump]], (Victory model) on a hand-dug of 20 meters deep well, made in a local workshop in northern Ghana.nl/library/manuals/ Practica Foundation] and [httpPhoto://wwwNetherlands Water Partnership.connectinternational.nl/english/smartmodules/smart-tec/pumps/ropepumpproduction Connect International].<br>]

Many different types of rope With deeper wells, smaller diameter pump existpipes are needed, powered by handotherwise the pumping becomes too heavy. See manuals on websites of [http://practica.org/publications/ Practica Foundation], bicycle[http://www.connectinternational.nl/english/smartmodules/smart-tec/pumps/ropepumpproduction Connect International], wind, horse, etcand [http://www.ropepumps.org ropepumps.org].<br>

Similar to piston pumpsMany different types of rope pump exist, a cement slab and a good soak away are needed to avoid splash water becoming a cause for pollutionpowered by hand, bicycle, wind, horse, [http://www.mawama.org/rope-pump/powered-rope-pump/solar-pv-powered-rope-pump solar] etc.

==== Design ====* Pumping depth (Lift): 0 Similar to 30m * Cylinder diameter: 28 mm piston pumps, a cement slab and a good soak away are needed to 42 mm, depending on depth* Piston: Plastic pistons spaced at 1 m* Yield: (75 watt input, at 5 m head) ~ 4.5 m³/hour * Population/field area served: 0.25 hectare * Type avoid splash water and recontamination of the water in the well: dug well or borehole.

====Manufacturing and MaterialsDesign====The * Pumping depth (Lift): 0 to 35 m * Cylinder diameter: (pump pipe) 32 mm for 1 to 10 metres deep, 25 mm for 10 to 20 metres deep and 19 mm for 20 to 35 metres deep* Pistons: Rubber or HD PE (plastic) pistons spaced at 1 m* Yield: (50 watt input) at a 10 m head the yield is 2 m³/hour. [http://www.mawama.org/rope-pump/rope -pump -efficiency Model equations can be produced with locally available standard materials and local skills, such as an artisan workshopfound here] * Population/field area served: Max 150 people or irrigation of 0.1 hectare * Type of well: dug well of 3 metres to borehole of 6 to 20 cm diameter

The frame is welded from mild steelRope pump can be made in any country since the design can be adapted to the materials that are locally available. The handle axle is a mild steel pipe (some design use bearingsAfter due training it can be produced, either ball bearings by small or wooden bearings, other employ medium metal companies or blacksmiths that have a steel bushingwelding machine and standard hand tools. The pulley wheel Although simple does not mean easy. It is assembled by fitting essential to build the cut-off sides of a tyre on a rim, which generates a nice 'v' shape which provides good traction on the ropepump with 10 basic design rules. The ropes are made of Polyethylene, Polypropylene, or Polyamide fibres varying from Ø 4 to Ø 8 mm(See [http://www. Natural fibres are not suitable, as they will lengthen when wet, and degrade too fastropepumps. The pistons are injection moulded plastic with no sealorg ropepumps. The rising main are PVC pipes ranging from 20-50mm diameter (depending on liftorg] FAQs). The guide box can be made of concrete with a ceramic insert (some designs use cast In general, training is needed for good quality in glass bottles)production and, as important, or made of wood with a pvc lininggood installation.

The installation ====Maintenance====One of the main strengths of the Rope pump is easy that maintenance and repairs are relatively simple and can easily and genuinely be done at village level by local technicians. Because of the local production, spares are available and knowledge to do repairs. The most frequent repairs consist of replacing the rope and pistons and weekly oiling of the bushings. The installation and repairs of the pump part does not require special tools, and pump pipes are very light so no need for any lifting equipment or special tools. The pumps are generally installed in dug wells but also versions that fit into boreholes are available.

Although easy and simple, it is important that users are instructed in why and how to maintain and repair their pump. Evaluations show that pumps (including Rope pumps) on communal wells have a tendency to fail for reasons like a lack of ownership and problems with generating funds for repairs and replacements. See example of Ghana, below. If Rope pumps are produced and installed properly (and if the users have ownership), 90% of Rope pumps remain operational, even after many years as is proven by pumps in Nicaragua, Zimbabwe Tanzania, Malawi and other countries. Compared to piston pumps the repairs of Rope pumps is simpler and cheaper, plus because of local production, spares are available. ====MaintenanceOther Rope pump models====One of the main strengths of the rope Besides hand powered Rope pumps there are models powered by Pedals, Horse, Wind, Electric motor or petrol engines. Common available petrol pumps are suction pumps for shallow wells down to 7 m. deep. Deeper wells require generator pump sets or long-shaft diesel pumps costing US$ 1000 or more.  Where there is that '''all''' maintenance is electricity, submersible pumps can be used but these are relatively simple expensive and many small farmers do not have electricity. Motorized Rope pumps can '''easily and genuinely be done at village level'''pump from wells down to 60m <ref>[http://www.practica. All spare parts can, like org/products/pumps/motorized-rope-pump/ Information on Motorized rope pumps] from the Practica Foundation</ref> Similar to the whole Hand pumpmodel, it can be manufactured produced in any small town local workshops using engines that are common in the country. The cost of a Motor Rope pump is 600 US$. This is far cheaper than long-shaft diesel pumps or submersible pumps with only the most basic welding machineadvantage that in case of emergency, other standard the pump can be powered by hand. Similar to the hand tools and a basic supply of standard items like PVC pipepowered model, GS pipe maintenance and round barrepairs are relatively easy. The most frequent repairs There are simple motorized Rope pumps in Niger, Ethiopia and consist mainly of repairing the rope or handleNicaragua. Although easy ===Costs===* The Hand Rope pumps cost between US$ 30-150 depending on model, location of production, and simple to maintain it is important the user is instructed in why cost of materials and how to maintain and repair their pumplabour. Evaluations show that rope * Cost of introduction: between US$ 10,000-30,000 per project, including 20 pumps , engineering and hands-on communal wells can be maintained by the users under certain conditionstraining. On * Rural water programme: US$ 150,000-200,000 per project, including 1,000 pumps shared amongst large groups one , start up of the main conditions is a very high level of community coherence production facility and hands-on training. ===Field experiences===[[Image:RopePumpBicycle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Pedal Rope pump]], bicycle model, produced and responsibilityused in Nicaragua]][[Image:RopePumpMotor. If the rope png|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Motor Rope pump technology is introduced properly]], powered by a diesel motor, like often is the case used for irrigation. Pumping from a 25m well. Photo: Netherlands Water Partnership.]][[Image:RopePumpZambia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Hand Rope pump]] used for irrigation in Zambia]][[Image:Rope pump cross section.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]] Cross section diagram of a Rope pump with a complete wheel cover, 95% of the Zimbabwe Elephant Rope pump, up pumps have a small wheel cover to 90% reduce cost and make maintenance easier. Also water quality of rope semi-covered Rope pumps is the same as completely closed Rope pumps remain operational, even after many years.]]

====Motorized rope pumpsNicaragua====Most common diesel and petrol Some 70.000 rope pumps are suction have been installed since 1988. The shift from imported piston pumps that can pump from shallow wells down of $600 to 7 m. deep. Pumping from deeper wells requires generator pump sets or long-shaft diesel locally produced rope pumps costing USof $ 800 or more. Where there is electricity100 has doubled rural water supply in ten years, submersible much faster than countries that applied imported hand Piston pumps can be used but many small farmers . Users do not have electricitythe maintenance and over 95% of the Rope pumps remain in operation. The Rope pump has been adopted as the standard water pump by the government.

Motorised rope Some 80% of the Rope pumps can pump from deep wells, up to 60m.<ref>in Nicaragua are used for one or a few families for [[http://wwwSelf Supply|self supply]].practicafoundationThe economic effect of family pumps is a total generated income of over 100 million US$ in the last 12 years.nl/products/pumps/motorized-rope-Families with a pump earn an average of 220 US$ more than families without a pumpon their well (Investigation by CESADE/ Information on Motorized rope pumps on ICCO at 5015 families). The extra income is explained by the website of Practica Foundation]</ref> This model combines fact that as soon as families have a rope pump with an electric motor or petrol engine. Pump parts near the house, women save time, more water is used (so more hygiene) and other elements of the structure can be produced in local workshopswater is used for animals, the engines are often importedgarden irrigation and reducing health related costs and generating extra income.

If combined ====Zimbabwe====A Rope pump model called the Elephant Pump was introduced by the organisation Pump Aid in 1990. The main difference with a locally available small petrol engine other Rope pump models is the solid round concrete structure around the pump, to protect the cost of a motorised deep-well pump can be US$ 450and to avoid splashing and recontamination. This is far cheaper then long-shaft diesel Now some 3,000 pumps or submersible serve 950,000 people and some 95% of the pumps are working. Many more pumps are planned to be installed in these countries before 2015 and if this cost can even be less when Chinese engines are usedrealized, these pumps together will reach 1 million people. .

Similar to hand ====Ghana====The first experiences with rope pumpsin Ghana were discouraging. In a World Bank funded project, 80% did not function after one year because of lack of user involvement and production errors. In the year 2000 some 200 pumps were installed. After 1 year 80% of these pumps were defect. Major reasons were errors in construction and installation and lack of funds for follow up so there was no ownership created and hence a lack of maintenance. These problems caused a bad image of this pump part can be maintained type in Ghana and repaired by the usersgovernment did not approve of this pump type. The motorised rope In other parts of Ghana other Rope pump models were installed Like the Victoria model produced in Bolgatanga and Pumping is being tested life model on boreholes. Better quality and good community involvement resulted in Columbia much better results and Nicaraguamost of the new model Rope pumps are working. The Rope pumps in northern Ghana were among others supported by Water Aid. The good results of the new pumps slowly improve the image of the Rope pump in Ghana again. After improvements some 1.600 pumps were installed.

==Cost==Ethiopia====* The Rope Pump costs between US$ 30-150 depending on modelpumps were introduced here around 2006 by the Practica foundation and supported by organizations like IDE, location of JICA and Water Aid. During several years local metal workshops have been trained in production, and cost of materials model. However the pump became so popular that untrained workshops also started to produce and laboursell the pumps.* Cost of introduction: between US$ By 2012, there were an estimated 10,000-30,000 per project, including 20 Rope pumps, engineering installed in but often the pump and hands-on training.* Rural installation was of a poor quality without a good seal resulting water programme: US$ 150,000-200,000 per project, including 1,000 pumps, start up to leak back in the well and causing recontamination of production facility and hands-on trainingthe water.

==Country experiences==In 2008, rope 2013 the government of Ethiopia decide to make a long term program to improve and standardize the Rope pumps are used in over 30 countries. Below and is doing this with funds from the experiences in Nicaragua, Zimbabwe Japanese aid organization JICA and Ghana are listedtechnical support of the Dutch organization Meta.

<b>Nicaragua<====Tanzania==== Here the local organization [http:/b>Some 70/www.SHIPO-TZ.000 rope pumps have been installed since 1990org SHIPO] in Njombe (South Tanzania) introduced the Rope pump in 2006. The shift With support of the Dutch organization Connect International and funds from imported piston pumps the Dutch government and Aqua for All, a so-called SMART Centre started. This Centre demonstrates a range of 600$ to locally produced rope low cost water technologies like manual drilling hand pumps of 70$ has doubled rural , water supply tanks, household filters etc. and trains organizations and the local private sector in ten production, maintenance, business skills etc. The centre organizes trainings for organizations like Winrock, Msabi and others. The result after 6 yearsis some 20 local companies trained, much faster than countries that apply piston over 4000 SHIPO model Rope pumpsinstalled, 800 manual drilled boreholes and cost reduction for rural water points of 40 to 15US$/person. Users do In the maintenance and over 95% last 2 years, out of the 4000 Rope pumps remain in operation. The rope pump has been adopted as , some 30% now is sold to private families who pay for the standard water pump by the governmentwith cash or via small loans.

<b>Zimbabwe</b>====Malawi, Blantyre trials====A Several rope pump model called pumps were introduced in order to provide a better alternative for the Elephant Pump was introduced by Afridev Community handpump, which is the organisation Pump Aid standard handpump in 1990Malawi. The main difference with the traditional rope pump Afridev is not popular due to many breakdowns and not available spare parts, especially in the solid round structure around more remote areas. However, the wheelrope pumps also broke down many times, sometimes several times per month, due to protect the well high number of users and was therefor not considered by the users as a good alternative for a community pump, although repairs were possible. Another disadvantage mentioned was that children found it difficult to avoid splashing. Now some 3,000 pumps serve 950,000 people pump and some 95% sometimes got hurt when the handle security break system was not functioning (in that case the handle turns back with a high speed due to the weight of the pumps are workingwater in the riser pipe). Many The communities now prefer a more pumps are planned to be installed before 2015 and if this can be realizedreliable handpump than the Afridev, this will reach 3 million more peoplewith less need for spares.

<b>Ghana</b> ====Mozambique====The As in Malawi, the Rope pump was seen as a viable alternative to the Afridev which is generally the official pump of choice. WaterAid had first experiences introduced a bucket and windlass system in the Niassa province as an alternative due to the high failure rate of Afridev pumps, but the Mozambican government refused to accept these as official community water supplies. WaterAid, in partnership with the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation (SDC), UNICEF, CARE and the Government of Mozambique, therefore began a lengthy process of piloting a robust community rope pumps pump, first relying on support from Bombas de Mecate in Ghana were discouragingNicaragua, but later adapting the design from Madagascar which is a pump model with a closed wheel cover. In The new model meets a World Bank funded project, 80% did not function after one year because of lack number of user involvement key well protection and production errorswater quality criteria set down by the development team. After Three manufacturers were in operation in three provinces and through a process of skill sharing improvements some 1have been made to the design resulting in a robust high quality model.600 pumps were installedA manufacturing standard has also been produced with the help of SKAT. After final stages of this process there was a final approval of the pump in 2011 as well as the licensing of the manufacturers by the Governments standards laboratory.

<b>MalawiThere are now more than 300 Rope pumps installed across three provinces (Niassa, Blantyre trials</b>Several rope Cabo Delgado and Zambezia) and in Niassa particularly WaterAid funded projects continues to offer communities a choice of either the Rope pump of the Afridev. The pumps were introduced monitored twice per year in order to provide a better alternative for understand the Afridev Community handpump, which is the standard handpump in Malawipumps sustainability. At this moment (July 2013) The Afridev is trained manufacturers are not popular due to many breakdowns producing anymore and not available spare parts, especially in the more remote areasmost of these pumps are defect. HoweverReasons are as mentioned before, the rope pumps also broke down many times, sometimes several times per month, due to the high number lack of users ownership and was therefor not considered by the users as a good alternative payment for a community pump, although repairs were possible. Another disadvantage mentionned was that children found it difficult to pump and sometimes got hurt when technical breakdowns because the handle security break system number of people using the pumps was not functioning (in that case too large. Also the handle turns back with a high speed due to the weight complete cover of the water in pump complicated the riser pipe). The communities now prefer a more reliable handpump than the Afridev, with less need for sparesrepairs.

<b>Mozambique</b>As Another organization ADPP in Malawi, the rope pump was seen as a viable alternative to the Afridev which is generally the official pump of choice. WaterAid had first introduced a bucket and windlass system in the Niassa provice as an alternative due to the high failure rate of Afridev pumps, but the Mozambican government refused to accept these as official community water supplies. WaterAid, in partnership with the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation Itoculo (SDCnear Nampula ), UNICEF, CARE and trained workshops in the Government of Mozambique, therefore began a lengthy process production of piloting a robust community rope pump, first relying on support from Bombas de Mecate in Nicaragua, but later adapting the design from Madagascar. The new so called SHIPO model meets a number of key well protection and water quality criteria set down by the development team. Three manufacturers which there now are now 4000 in operation in three provinces and through a process of skill sharing improvements have been made to the design resulting in a robust high quality modelTanzania. A manufacturing standard has also been produced with the help Some 350 of SKATthese pumps are installed on hand dug or manual drilled tube wells and some 70% are working. The final stages of At this moment (July 2013) this process are currently underway which include the final approval of the pump as well as the licensing of the manufacturers by the Governments standards laboratorymodel is being produced in Monapo.

There are now more than 300 rope pumps installed across three provinces It was not considered by the users as a good community pump, although repairs were possible. Another disadvantage mentioned was that children found it difficult to pump (Niassa, Cabo Delgado and Zambeziacaused by too large of a pump pipe diameter)and sometimes got hurt when the handle security break system was not functioning. Due to lack of quality control the pumps did not have an anti-return system. This results in Niassa particularly WaterAid funded projects continues the handle turning back with a high speed due to offer communities a choice the weight of either the Rope Pump of water in the Afridevriser pipe. In addition the 2008, over 2000 simple Pole model Rope pumps for irrigation were installed pumps are monitored twice per year in order to better understand near Blantyre made by the pumps sustainabilityorganization DAPP.

<b>====Burkina Faso</b>====WaterAid in Burkina Faso is also currently developing a rope Rope pump model suitable to local conditions. This project has resulted in a renewed understanding across WaterAid of the need to ensure that rope Rope pumps destined for community water supplies require high quality manufacturing and installation techniques in order to improve their sustainability. WaterAid now intends to renew its efforts across the organisation organization to improving the quality of rope pumps in countries where this is supported. A training course for manufacturers from Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Zambia and Malawi was held in early 2010 as part of this process. A recent interesting development in Burkina Faso has been the redesign of the bottom guide box to include a non-return valve (foot valve) thereby ensuring that water is immediately available from the first turn of the pump handle. This is currently being piloted on a few pumps. Another organization, Winrock, started trainings in other local workshops and installed Rope pumps of the SHIPO model in communities up to 150 people in 2012 and 2013. Some 100 are installed at the end of 2013 and 98% are functioning. ====Akvo RSR projects===={|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 20%; text-align: justify; background-color: #e9f5fd;" cellpadding="2"<!--rsr logo here-->|- style="vertical-align: top"|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.org/products/rsr/]]<!--project blocks here-->|- style="vertical-align: bottom"|[[Image:project 1349.jpg |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1349/ RSR Project 1349]<br>Safe water <br>for Wajir</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1349/]] |} <br> ===Manuals, videos and links=======Manuals====* Jan Nederstigt, Arjen van der Wal. [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/Rope%20pump%20manuels/ropepump%20manual%20EN%20full.pdf Rope Pump: Low Cost Pump Series. TECHNICAL TRAINING HANDBOOK ON ROPE PUMP PRODUCTION, INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE]. Practica Foundation. August 2011 (3rd edition). French version: [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/Rope%20pump%20manuels/ropepump%20manual%20FR%20full.pdf A POMPE A CORDE: Séries de la pompe à moindre coût.] * [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF/practica-180306-rope-pump-manual-ethiopia-march-2006-complete1.pdf Rope Pump production manual], produced by [http://www.practica.org PRACTICA] and [http://www.etc-international.org/index.php?id=41ETC ETC Foundation]. It has 86 pages and contains detailed instructions. * Construction manual [http://www.connectinternational.nl/english/smartmodules/smart-tec/pumps/ropepumpproduction SHIPO Model, Connect International]. * ERPF, K. (2006) [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/338 Installation and Maintenance Manual for Rope Pumps], Skat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland.

A recent interesting development *ERPF, K. (2006) Manufacturing Guidelines for the Production of Rope Pumps in Burkina Faso has been the reMozambique. Skat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland [http://www.rural-water-design of the bottom guide box to include a nonsupply.net/en/resources/details/340 English], [http://www.rural-return valve (foot valve) thereby ensuring that water is immediately available from the first turn of the pump handle-supply. This is currently being piloted on a few pumpsnet/en/resources/details/341 Portuguese].

==Manuals==* [http://wwwRANDRIANASOLO, A.practicafoundation.nl/wp-content/uploads/PDF/practica-180306-rope-pump-manual-ethiopia-march-2006-complete1.pdf Rope Pump production manual]and ERPF, produced by [http://www.practicafoundationK.nl/ PRACTICA] and (2004) [http://www.etcrural-water-internationalsupply.orgnet/index.php?id=41ETC ETC Foundation]. It has 86 pages and contains detailed instructions.* Construction manual [http:en/resources/details/www.connectinternational337 Madagascar Rope Pump Specification.nl/english/smartmodules/smartFirst Edition 0 -tec/pumps/ropepumpproduction Connect International2004], Skat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland.

==Movies==* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?vVideos=-o9jzEcu57A Rope pumps around the world (Connect International, Netherlands, 2008)]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06JoZlo77gk Small scale irrigation with a rope pump, Zambia (Connect International, Netherlands, 2008)]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvHtqsUIoDs Hand drilled borehole and rope pump in Tanzania (Connect International, Netherlands, 2008)]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1qIdvH1bvM Windmill powered rope pump in Nicaragua (S.J. Batchelor, 1999)]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wWLuX8pmNA Rope Pump animation (Resource Development International Cambodia, RDI)]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTuqHEVo2TA&feature=channel_page Motorized rope pump on platform in Ethiopia, used to fill an overhead tank]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YE42YdLHVI&feature=channel_page Motorized rope pump in Burkina Faso, used for smalls scale irrigation.]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJVNBoGF968 Rope pump documentary part 1]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGVvdcl4z8I Rope pump documentary part 2]

====External links====[[Image:RopePumpvietnam.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]] used for rice paddy irrigation in Vietnam]][[Image:wind rope pump.jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''Wind Rope pump''' used in Nicaragua, produced by AMEC]] * [http://www.ropepumps.org/ www.ropepumps.org website](English and Spanish)* [http://www.ircropepump.nlcom/page/31886 Rope pumps: out-perform conventional handpumps on most counts in Ghana testropepump.com]. Article on IRC.(Spanish)* [http://www.ircircwash.nlorg/pagesites/15380 Rope default/files/Sutton-2009-Transferring.pdf Transferring the rope pumpto Africa: local production A long and installation capacity being developed in Senegalwinding road?]. Article on IRC.*[http://www.rwsn.ch/prarticle.2005rural-10water-25supply.9856177177net/prarticle.2005en/sustainable-10groundwater-26.2582788867management/prarticle.2008-12-04.2105225472 pumps Overview of community handpumps hand pumps at the RWSN website]* [http://www.rwsnrural-water-supply.chnet/documentationen/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.3234222147resources/details/file 289 Low-cost pump alternatives for rural communities in Honduras (rope- and EMAS pumps), SKAT website]

* [http://www.ropepump.com www.ropepump.com] * [http://www.ideas-at-work.org/IdeasRopePump.html Ideas at Work, Cambodia]

* [http://www.rwsnrural-water-supply.chnet/documentationen/prcollector.2009-04-05.2482958002resources/skatdocumentation.2011-07-01.0268979788details/file 307 'Low Cost HandpumpsHand pumps' RWSN Field Note 2011-3]* [http://www.ropepump.com/ Rope Pumps (Nicaragua)]* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/337 Rope Pumps (Madagascar)]* RWSN: The Rope Pump Concept [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/294 English], [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/296 French], [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/336 Portuguese]

===References===