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__NOTOC__[[Image:Rope_pump_icon.png{{Language-box|right]]english_link= Rope pump | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon | hindi_link= Coming soon | malayalam_link= Coming soon | tamil_link= Coming soon | swahili_link=coming soon | korean_link= Coming soon | chinese_link=绳泵| indonesian_link= Coming soon | japanese_link= Coming soon }}

A rope [[Image:Rope_pump_icon.png|right|80px]][[Image:RopePumpMozambique.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump is a kind of | Rope pump used in developing areas to raise water from wells or boreholes. Rope pumps consist of ]] on a PVC pipeborehole, and made in a rope with washers attached to it. The water is held local workshop in between the washers in the pipe, and is pulled to the surface. Rope pumps are very simple, and can be easily repaired. They are used for domestic water supply, irrigation and cattle watering.Mozambique ]]

For wells down to 35 mThe modern Rope pump is a highly efficient and low cost pump, rope pumps are often five times cheaper it can be produced with local materials and can be truly operated and more sustainable than piston pumpsmaintained at a village level. Evaluations show The basic design has a wheel with a continuous loop of rope with pistons that fit with a small clearance in the pump pipe. The low end of this pipe is at the bottom of the well. By turning the wheel the rope pumps on communal wells are being maintained by passes up through the PVC pump pipe and pushes the users, if introduced properlywater up. 90% At the top end of rope pumps remain operationalthe pump pipe, even after many yearsthe diameter increases and the water comes out via a Tee piece.

Because If produced and installed well, Rope pumps prove to be sustainable and now there are 120,000 of its low cost, the pump is also popular these pumps world wide used for communal and domestic usewater supply, irrigation and cattle watering. A survey among 5,025 rural families in Nicaragua indicates that a rope Modern models can pump increases incomefrom wells as deep as 35 m and compared to imported hand pumps, even if used Rope pumps are three to five times cheaper. Good quality pumps can last for domestic purposes only. Families with a pump earn US$ 220 per year 20 years or more than families without a pump. In as is proven in Nicaragua where the pumps are now being produced commercially by 20 workshops. Different first improved models of Rope pumps that were introduced installed in Africa1990 are still working. This introduction has not always been successful: in some projects over 80% of the Rope pumps do NOT work! Howevercan be powered by hand, bicycle, with the "right" models and the "right" user trainingmotor, up to 90% remain in operation in Africahorse, as the Victory model in Ghana and the Elephant model in Zimbabwe have provedor wind power.

[[Image:RopePumpMozambique====Origins====The almost intuitive design is known by many names, including the paternoster (after the beaded prayer chain it resembles), Noria pump, liberation pump or chain-and-washer pump but all have the same pump principle.JPG|thumb|right|150px|[[Rope Evidence of this pump| Rope pump]] on a boreholeprinciple dates back as far as two thousand years, to feudal China <ref> Fraenkel, Peter, and Thake, made in a local workshop in Mozambique ]]Jeremy.

===Suitable conditions===[[Image:Rope_pumphorse rope pump.PNGjpg|thumb|right|150px200px|[['''Horse Rope pump | ''', powered by horses or donkeys. Pumps from wells to 65 m deep. Pump capacity 5 times more than a hand powered model. Used in Nicaragua. Photo: Henk Holtslag]]A Rope pump ]]can be used to draw water from large diameter hand dug wells of 3 meters to boreholes as small as 6 cm. One person can draw water up from 35 m deep, two persons can pump from 60 m deep (Victory modelusing a second crank) on and if powered by an engine it can pump from 100 meters or more. A Rope pump can be driven by hand, bicycle, animals, wind or engines. If well made, a hand-dug Rope pump delivers 35 litres / min from 10 meters depth and halve of that if the well is 20 meters metres deep well. Rope Pumps can be [http://www.mawama.org/rope-pump/rope-pump-efficiency very efficient] but typically have an efficiencies of 65%, made in a local workshop in northern Ghana ][http://www.mawama.org/rope-pump/rope-pump-efficiency model equations of the rope pump]confirm the best rope speed to around 1.2m/s and the piston spacing to be 1m. Hand pump models are most commonly used at depths less than 35m.

[[Image:RopePumpBicycleSome 70,000 Rope pumps are now in use in Nicaragua, 10,000 in countries like Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador and Bolivia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]]30,000 in African countries like Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, bicycle modelZimbabwe, produced Malawi and 6000 in Cambodia and India. In total, the Rope pump is used in Nicaragua]]over 25 countries.

{{procontable | pro=- Significantly cheaper (up to 5 times) than piston pumps. <br>- If made well, one The Rope pump can supply up to 250 people as experiences in Nicaragua, Ghana and other countries indicate. Howeveris most suitable for single families, suggested use but is also often used for maximum of communities up to 20 families (100 150 people) <br>- Easy to maintain. <br>- Easy to train on maintenance. <br>- Can be made locally by workshop. <br>- Ideal to be used by one or two families in a shallow well on their own yard. <br>- Can be used for irrigation and income generation. <br>- Can be driven by hand, windmill, motor, bicycle, animals. <br>

{| conborder= "1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|- The rope pump is easy to copy, but experiences indicate ! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;"Simple is not easy| Advantages! style="background: If not made well#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages|-| valign="top" | - Simple, the pump breaks down to much and can not be easily repaired.no “black box” <br> - Some introductions have failed because of lack of training of users in maintenance and production and installation errors, so the pump parts wear out too fast, or parts break.Easy to maintain <br>- With different depths, different sizes of pump pipes are needed, otherwise the pumping becomes Easy to heavy. See manuals train on websites production, maintenanceof [http://www.practicafoundation.nl/library/manuals/ Practica Foundation] and [http://www.connectinternational.nl/english/smartmodules/smart-tec/pumps/ropepumpproduction Connect International].Can be made locally by workshops <br> - The pump needs a “blocking system” on the handle Significantly (5 to avoid return of 8 times) cheaper than imported piston pumps for the handle, which can be dangerous for children.same depth <br> - Compared to Rotating movement, no dynamic force like in piston pumps <br> - Pump parts in the rope pumps splashes more.wells plastic and concrete (no corrosion) <br> - Similar Rotating shaft, easy to Piston pumpspower by bicycle, animals, windmills, a cement slab and a good soak away are needed electric motors or combustion engines <br> - Ideal to avoid splash water becoming a cause be used by one or two families in their own yard <br>- Fit for pollution.irrigation, therefore used as income generation <br>}}- If made well, one pump can supply up to 250 people as is the experience in Nicaragua, Tanzania, Malawi and other countries. However, suggested use is for maximum of 20 families (150 people)

| valign== Capacity =="top" | - It is simple which is good but also leads to bad copying resulting in early break down and bad image <br>- Requires frequent maintenance like oiling the bushings, if not leads to early wearing out and breakage of pump handle <br>- A “blocking system” is needed on the handle to avoid return of the handle which can be dangerous, especially for children <br>- It cannot pump higher than the pump outlet <br>- Compared to piston pumps the Rope pump is semi-open at the top which in theory, can cause contamination of the well. (if well made this is hardly a problem in practice) <br> - The Rope pump splashes more than piston pumps. <br>- Not suitable for communities larger than 20 families.|}

40 litres / min from 10 ===Construction, operations and maintenance===[[Image:Rope_pump_action_diagram.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]], An illustration of the pumping action of a rope pump. However, this drawing needs adaptation. The pipe diameter at and above the Tee piece should be larger than the pump pipe. This is essential for good functioning of the pump. Now most of the water will come out at the top!]][[Image:Rope_pump.PNG|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump | Rope pump]], (Victory model) on a hand-dug of 20 meters depthdeep well, made in a local workshop in northern Ghana. Photo: Netherlands Water Partnership.]]

* US$ 30Many different types of rope pump exist, powered by hand, bicycle, wind, horse, [http://www.mawama.org/rope-pump/powered-rope-pump/solar-pv-powered-rope-150 depending on model and cost of materials and labourpump solar] etc.

== Applying conditions ==<ul><li><b>Numbers:</b> 70,000 in Nicaragua, 20,000 in Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Cambodia, India, VietnamSimilar to piston pumps, a cement slab and others. </li><li><b>Range of depth:</b> 1-35 meter (60 m with two cranks).</li><li><b>Application</b> Communal wells, houshold, irrigation, cattle watering. </li><li><b>Suggested use</b> The pump can be used by single families, or up a good soak away are needed to 20 families (100 people).<li><b>Models</b> Rope pump models exist that are driven by hand, small motors, windmills, bicycle, avoid splash water and horses. They can be placed on hand dug wells or boreholes. </li><li><b>Cost recontamination of introduction:</b> US$ 10,000-30,000 per project, including 20 pumps, engineering and hands-on training.</li> <li><b>Rural the water programme:</b> US$ 150,000-200,000 per project, including 1,000 pumps, start up of production facility and hands-on trainingin the well.</li></ul>

== Experiences in different countries ==Design====* Pumping depth (Lift): 0 to 35 m In 2008* Cylinder diameter: (pump pipe) 32 mm for 1 to 10 metres deep, 25 mm for 10 to 20 metres deep and 19 mm for 20 to 35 metres deep* Pistons: Rubber or HD PE (plastic) pistons spaced at 1 m* Yield: (50 watt input) at a 10 m head the yield is 2 m³/hour. [http://www.mawama.org/rope pumps are used in over 30 countries. Below the experiences in Nicaragua, Zimbabwe and Ghana are listed-pump/rope-pump-efficiency Model equations can be found here] * Population/field area served: Max 150 people or irrigation of 0.1 hectare * Type of well: dug well of 3 metres to borehole of 6 to 20 cm diameter

<b>Nicaragua</b>Some 70.000 rope pumps have been installed The Rope pump can be made in any country since 1990. The shift from imported piston pumps of 600$ the design can be adapted to the materials that are locally available. After due training it can be produced rope pumps of 70$ has doubled rural water supply in ten years, much faster than countries by small or medium metal companies or blacksmiths that apply piston pumpshave a welding machine and standard hand tools. Users do Although simple does not mean easy. It is essential to build the maintenance pump with 10 basic design rules. (See [http://www.ropepumps.org ropepumps.org] FAQs). In general, training is needed for good quality in production and over 95% of the pumps remain in operation. The rope pump has been adopted , as the standard water pump by the governmentimportant, good installation.

<b>Zimbabwe</b>A rope The pump model called frame is made of galvanized pipes or mild steel. The handle is a galvanized steel pipe with metal bushings (there are also designs with ball bearings, or wooden bushings). The pulley wheel is made of the Elephant pump was introduced by sides of a used car tire and mounted with clamps and spokes on the handle. The wheel should have a sharp 'v' shape to get a good traction on the organisation Pump aid in 1990rope. The ropes are made of Polyethylene, Polypropylene, or Polyamide fibers varying from Ø 4 to Ø 8 mm. Now some 3Natural fibers are not suitable,000 pumps serve 950as they will stretch when wet,000 people and some 95% degrade too fast. The pistons are made of the pumps side of the siude of a used car tire or injection molded HD polyethylene. The rising main are workingPVC pipes with wall thickness of 1. Many more pumps are planned 5 to be installed before 2015 2 mm and if this can be realizeddiameters of 20 to 50 mm (depending on depth of the water level). The guide box is made of concrete (with a ceramic piece or small glass bottle as turning point), this will reach 3 million more people galvanized pipe or wood with a PVC turning point.

<b>Ghana</b> ====Maintenance====One of the main strengths of the Rope pump is that maintenance and repairs are relatively simple and can easily and genuinely be done at village level by local technicians. Because of the local production, spares are available and knowledge to do repairs. The first experiences with most frequent repairs consist of replacing the rope pumps in Ghana were discouragingand pistons and weekly oiling of the bushings. In a World Bank funded projectThe installation and repairs of the pump part does not require special tools, 80% did not function after one year because of lack of user involvement and production errors. After improvements some 1600 pumps were installedpump pipes are very light so no need for any lifting equipment.

<b>MalawiAlthough easy and simple, Blantyre trials</b>Several rope it is important that users are instructed in why and how to maintain and repair their pump. Evaluations show that pumps (including Rope pumps were introduced in order ) on communal wells have a tendency to provide fail for reasons like a better alternative lack of ownership and problems with generating funds for the Afridev Community handpumprepairs and replacements. See example of Ghana, which is the standard handpump in Malawibelow. The Afridev is not popular due to many breakdowns If Rope pumps are produced and installed properly (and not available spare parts, especially in if the more remote areas. Howeverusers have ownership), the rope 90% of Rope pumps also broke down remain operational, even after many timesyears as is proven by pumps in Nicaragua, sometimes several times per monthZimbabwe Tanzania, due Malawi and other countries. Compared to piston pumps the high number repairs of users Rope pumps is simpler and was therefor not considered by the users as a good alternative for a community pumpcheaper, although repairs were possible. Another disadvantage mentionned was that children found it difficult to pump and sometimes got hurt when the handle security break system was not functioning (in that case the handle turns back with a high speed due to the weight plus because of the water in the riser pipe). The communities now prefer a more reliable handpump than the Afridevlocal production, with less need for sparesare available.

<b>Mozambique</b>====Other Rope pump models====As in Malawi, the rope pump was seen as a viable alternative to the Afridev which is generally the official pump of choice. WaterAid had first introduced a bucket and windlass system in the Niassa provice as an alternative due to the high failure rate of Afridev Besides hand powered Rope pumpsthere are models powered by Pedals, but the Mozambican government refused to accept these as official community water supplies. WaterAid, in partnership with the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation (SDC), UNICEF, CARE and the Government of Mozambique, therefore began a lengthy process of piloting a robust community rope pumpHorse, first relying on support from Bombas de Mecate in NicaraguaWind, but later adapting the design from MadagascarElectric motor or petrol engines. The new model meets a number of key well protection and water quality criteria set Common available petrol pumps are suction pumps for shallow wells down by the development team. Three manufacturers are now in operation in three provinces and through a process of skill sharing improvements have been made to the design resulting in a robust high quality model7 m. A manufacturing standard has also been produced with the help of SKATdeep. The final stages of this process are currently underway which include the final approval of the Deeper wells require generator pump as well as the licensing of the manufacturers by the Governments standards laboratorysets or long-shaft diesel pumps costing US$ 1000 or more.

There Where there is electricity, submersible pumps can be used but these are now more than 300 relatively expensive and many small farmers do not have electricity. Motorized Rope pumps can pump from wells down to 60m <ref>[http://www.practica.org/products/pumps/motorized-rope-pump/ Information on Motorized rope pumps installed across three provinces (Niassa] from the Practica Foundation</ref> Similar to the Hand pump model, Cabo Delgado and Zambezia)and it can be produced in local workshops using engines that are common in Niassa particularly WaterAid funded projects continues to offer communities the country. The cost of a choice of either Motor Rope pump is 600 US$. This is far cheaper than long-shaft diesel pumps or submersible pumps with the Rope Pump advantage that in case of emergency, the Afridevpump can be powered by hand. In addition Similar to the installed hand powered model, maintenance and repairs are relatively easy. There are motorized Rope pumps are monitored twice per year in order to better understand the pumps sustainabilityNiger, Ethiopia and Nicaragua.

<b>====Burkina Faso</b>====WaterAid in Burkina Faso is also currently developing a rope Rope pump model suitable to local conditions. This project has resulted in a renewed understanding across WaterAid of the need to ensure that rope Rope pumps destined for community water supplies require high quality manufacturing and installation techniques in order for them to remain sustainableimprove their sustainability. WaterAid now intends to renew its efforts across the organisation organization to improving the quality of rope pumps in countries where this is supported. A training course for manufacturers from Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Zambia and Malawi was held in early 2010 as part of this process. A recent interesting development in Burkina Faso has been the redesign of the bottom guide box to include a non-return valve (foot valve) thereby ensuring that water is immediately available from the first turn of the pump handle. This is currently being piloted on a few pumps. Another organization, Winrock, started trainings in other local workshops and installed Rope pumps of the SHIPO model in communities up to 150 people in 2012 and 2013. Some 100 are installed at the end of 2013 and 98% are functioning. ====Akvo RSR projects===={|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 20%; text-align: justify; background-color: #e9f5fd;" An international skills cellpadding="2"<!--rsr logo here-->|- style="vertical-align: top"|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.org/products/rsr/]]<!--project blocks here-->|- style="vertical-align: bottom"|[[Image:project 1349.jpg |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1349/ RSR Project 1349]<br>Safe water <br>for Wajir</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1349/]] |} <br> ===Manuals, videos and knowledge sharing event to which all links=======Manuals====* Jan Nederstigt, Arjen van der Wal. [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/Rope%20pump%20manuels/ropepump%20manual%20EN%20full.pdf Rope Pump: Low Cost Pump Series. TECHNICAL TRAINING HANDBOOK ON ROPE PUMP PRODUCTION, INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE]. Practica Foundation. August 2011 (3rd edition). French version: [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/Rope%20pump%20manuels/ropepump%20manual%20FR%20full.pdf A POMPE A CORDE: Séries de la pompe à moindre coût.] * [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF/practica-180306-rope -pump supporters -manual-ethiopia-march-2006-complete1.pdf Rope Pump production manual], produced by [http://www.practica.org PRACTICA] and [http://www.etc-international.org/index.php?id=41ETC ETC Foundation]. It has 86 pages and contains detailed instructions. * Construction manual [http://www.connectinternational.nl/english/smartmodules/smart-tec/pumps/ropepumpproduction SHIPO Model, Connect International]. * ERPF, K. (2006) [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/338 Installation and manufacturers will be invited is being considered Maintenance Manual for 2009Rope Pumps], Skat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland.

== * RANDRIANASOLO, A. and ERPF, K. (2004) [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/337 Madagascar Rope pump construction manual ==Pump Specification. First Edition 0 - 2004], Skat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland.

PRACTICA foundation and the Technical Training Programme of the ETC Foundation * RWSN (TTP/ETC2006) have put together a really [http://www.greenoceanrural-water-supply.orgnet/en/resources/akvodetails/PRACTICA_180306_Rope_pump_manual_Ethiopia_March_2006_complete.pdf excellent manual on how to build rope pumps339 Maintenance Card for Rope Pump] (PDF, 2.5 Mbyte). It is an 86 page long document with detailed instructionsSkat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland.

{|style== Movies ==* [http"border://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1px #176fb7; background-o9jzEcu57A Rope pumps around the world (Connect International, Netherlands, 2008)]* [httpcolor://www.youtube.com/watch?v#efefef" align="none" cellpadding=06JoZlo77gk Small scale irrigation with a rope pump, Zambia (Connect International, Netherlands, 2008)]"5"* |<font size="3"> Visit our page of more than 15 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvHtqsUIoDs Hand drilled borehole and rope pump in Tanzania (Connect International, Netherlands, 2008)]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1qIdvH1bvM Windmill powered rope Rope pump in Nicaragua (S.J. Batchelor, 1999)videos]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wWLuX8pmNA Rope Pump animation (Resource Development International Cambodia, RDI)]* [http:/</www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3TWWhIRLgc&amp;feature=related Water quality and rope pumps in Cambodia part 1 (RDI-Cambodia)]font>* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbLic5qCSTQ&amp;feature=related Water quality and rope pumps in Cambodia part 2 (RDI-Cambodia)]|}

==== External links ====* Evaluations [http[Image://wwwRopePumpvietnam.ircjpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]] used for rice paddy irrigation in Vietnam]][[Image:wind rope pump.nl www.irc.nl jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''Wind Rope pump''' used in Nicaragua, produced by AMEC]]* Africa [http://www.pumpaidropepumps.org www.pumpaid/ ropepumps.org ](English and Spanish)* General info [http://www.ropepump.com www./ ropepump.com] (Spanish)* Construction manual [http://www.practicafoundationircwash.nlorg/librarysites/manualsdefault/ Practica Foundationfiles/Sutton-2009-Transferring.pdf Transferring the rope pump to Africa: A long and winding road?]. Article on IRC.* Construction manual [http://www.connectinternationalrural-water-supply.nlnet/englishen/smartmodulessustainable-groundwater-management/smartpumps Overview of community hand pumps at the RWSN]* [http://www.rural-water-tecsupply.net/en/resources/details/289 Low-cost pump alternatives for rural communities in Honduras (rope- and EMAS pumps/ropepumpproduction Connect International), SKAT website]* How to build [http://www.ropepumpspumpaid.org www/The-Elephant-Pump.ropepumpsshtml Pump Aid works in Malawi and Zimbambwe with the Elephant pump, a kind of rope pump.org]* Cambodia [http://www.ideas-at-work.org/IdeasRopePump.htmlIdeas at Work, Cambodia] * [http://www.demotechwateraid.org/d-designinternational/what_we_do/where_we_work/mozambique/designA2595.php?d=43 asp Rope Pump info at Demotech- WaterAid in Mozambique]

* [[Solution_of_the_week_7|Akvo solution of the week 7]]* [[Solution_of_the_week_9|Akvo solution of the week 9]]* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/307 'Low Cost Hand pumps' RWSN Field Note 2011-3]* [http://www.ropepump.com/ Rope Pumps (Nicaragua)]* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/337 Rope Pumps (Madagascar)]* RWSN: The Rope Pump Concept [http://www.rural-water- WaterAid in Mozambiquesupply.net/en/resources/details/294 English], [http://www.wateraidrural-water-supply.orgnet/en/internationalresources/what_we_dodetails/where_we_work296 French], [http:/mozambique/2595www.asprural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/336 Portuguese] ===References===<references/> ===Acknowledgements===* Elephant Pump - PumpAid [http://www.pumpaidhenkholtslag.nl henkholtslag.nl], [http://www.300in6.org 300in6.org], [http:/The-Elephant-Pump/www.connectinternational.nl connectinternational.shtmlnl]