[[Image:{{Language-box|english_link= Water Portal / Rainwater Harvesting / Surface water / Road runoff icon.pngharvesting | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Recolección de Escorrentía de las Carreteras |righthindi_link= वाटर पोर्टल / वर्षाजल संचयन / सतही जल / सड़क पर बरसे जल का संचयन |100pxmalayalam_link= Coming soon |]][[Image:road runoff1.jpgtamil_link= Coming soon |thumbkorean_link= Coming soon |rightchinese_link=路面径流收集 |225pxindonesian_link= Pemanenan Air Limpasan Jalan |Capturing road runoff will also help with soil conservation. Photo: UNDP]]__NOTOC__japanese_link= Coming soon }}
[[Image:runoff icon.png|right|80px|]][[Image:road runoff1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Capturing road runoff will also help with soil conservation. Photo: UNDP]] Capturing rainwater '''runoff ''' from a nearby '''road ''' was a technique created by Musyoka Muindu in Kyethani Location, Mwingi District. He had been steadily developing his system since he began in 1993. This was largely as a result of hands-on experience and observations, but with some help and training from the MOARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) in soil and water conservation. His technology was reported by Mwarasomba and Mutunga (1995) in their survey of positive experience in Kenya’s ASAL (Arid and Semi-Arid Lands) areas.
His proximity to the tarmac road means that his farm is very accessible to visitors. Around 800 farmers have gone to visit Nzamba Nguu, and he welcomes visitors with open arms – and with his visitor’s book.
The significance of this initiative is that Musyoka has managed to adapt MOARD soil conservation techniques (terracing using fanya juu and fanya chini methods) and to modify these into a viable water harvesting system, suitable for dry areas. There were– and still are -no precise technical guidelines for this type of water harvesting in Kenya. Here then is a model that is worthy of detailed study, which can act as a stimulus to other farmers to innovate.
===Suitable conditions===
====Benefits====
Musyoka calculates that production of his main crop, maize, doubled after the runoff harvesting system was introduced – due mainly to the extra moisture available. Increased farm income is an associated benefit. It is estimated that soil loss approximately halved. Supplementary benefits recorded include increased fodder production.
Make sure the usage of the road is understood, so as to prevent pollutants in the runoff. Water from road catchments should not be used for domestic consumption if the water from murram and dirt roads contains dung and other pollutants, or the water from tarmac roads because it contains tar, which is harmful to peoples' health.
===Construction, operations and maintenance===[[Image:road runoff map.jpg|thumb|right|225px200px|This map illustrates how you locate the channels coming from the road. Click image to zoom in. Drawing: UNDP]]
This technology is categorized under WOCAT (World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies) as a combined structural / vegetative measure. [[Bunds]] and channels are stabilized with perennial grass. Its purpose is primarily to increase soil moisture for crop production, and it achieves impact through water harvesting. In soil conservation terms it reduces land degradation and soil erosion by water.
Maintenance involves frequent sediment removal to maintain channel capacity, repair of broken channels and embankment sections and replanting grass or dried-up fruit trees along the embankment where necessary.
===Costs===
An approximate construction input of just over 100 days per hectare is stated for the hand labour involved. That represents the infrastructure of bunds and channels. Other costs (equipment, seedlings etc) are minimal. The annual requirement for maintenance is estimated at 10 person days per hectare. This is less in a dry year, but can be much more due to damage caused by extra runoff during heavy rains. Clearly, while it is a low external-input system, this is a relatively expensive technology, and particularly demanding on labour. Nevertheless because the system is directly linked to increased production, these are costs which can be recovered quickly. The benefits compared with investment costs are recorded to be ‘positive’ in the short term and ‘very positive’ in the longer term.
===Field experiences===[[Image:road runoff2.jpg|thumb|right|225px200px|The road runoff system of capturing rainwater was created by a farmer. Photo: UNDP]]
====Improvements====
One improvement regarding adoption of the system would be to assist farmers in layout and design. These road runoff harvesting systems can be very effective, but if not well designed or managed may lead to high maintenance requirements and an increased erosion hazard. An idea for improving Musyoka’s system, from the WOCAT data collectors who visited him, is that he could make his channels shallower to allow more water to spillover into his fields, rather than it being lost through deep infiltration. In terms of research, this is one of the systems most in need of validation and full description, as water harvesting is extremely important in the drylands of Kenya. And here is a system that works.
The farmer has designed systems for two neighbours: indeed the main channel from the road passes through the farm of one of these, with whom he works co-operatively. The total adoption is recorded to be around 40 farmers. They are all now harvesting runoff from tracks or hillsides in this vicinity. However, several of those who have taken up his initiative have not managed to guide the runoff water through the farm as effectively as Musyoka has done.
===Manuals, videos and links===* [http://www.samsamwater.com/library/Book6_Water_from_roads.pdf Water from Roads: A handbook for technicians and farmers on harvesting rainwater from roads]. Erik Nissen-Petersen for Danish International Development Assistance (Danida), 2006. * VIDEO: [http://www.thewaterchannel.tv/media-gallery/3451-road-runoff-harvesting Road Runoff Harvesting] * Roads for Water: [http://www.roadsforwater.org roadsforwater.org], [http://thewaterchannel.tv/en/videos/categories/viewvideo/2074/roads-for-water-webinar video webinar], [https://metameta.adobeconnect.com/p4bb06m79t9/?launcher=false&fcsContent=true&pbMode=normal flash presentation]. * ARTICLE: [http://www.thewaterchannel.tv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=182 Combining Water Harvesting and Road Infrastructure Development] * ARTICLE: [http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/AfCap/AFCAP-GEN-102-D-sand-dams-road-crossings.pdf The potential of sand dam road crossings] * GRANT AWARD: [http://gotw.nerc.ac.uk/list_full.asp?pcode=NE%2FL001934%2F1 Optimizing Road Development for Groundwater Recharge and Development] - The research project 'Optimizing Road Development for Groundwater Recharge and Retention' investigates how the fast growing road development programs in Sub-Saharan Africa can become 'inclusive' by securing, and where possible improving, the groundwater sources of the poor. Roads have a major but little researched impact on hydrology and local groundwater availability. The aim of the project is to optimize the planning and design of roads in rural areas for the recharge and retention of groundwater, thus contributing to secure and equitable use of shallow groundwater. This should contribute to better water buffering in view of climate variability (and changes therein) and lead to poverty reduction and socio-economic development (groundwater is important to agricultural production/irrigation as well as for drinking water supply). ===Acknowledgements===
* Kithinji Mutunga and Will Critchley, [http://www.samsamwater.com/library/TR27_PFI_WOCAt.pdf FARMERS’ INITIATIVES IN LAND HUSBANDRY Promising technologies for the drier areas of East Africa.] UNDP – Office to Combat Desertification and Drought (UNSO/ESDG/BDP) and Sida’s Regional Land Management Unit, 2001.
* [http://www.infonet-biovision.org/defaultEnvironmentalHealth/ct/180/soilConservation Water-storage Water Storage.] Infonet-Biovision.org.
