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[[Image:Icon_sludge.png|right|80px]]
[[Image:Cross section of an Asian sludge.jpg|thumb|right|200px| 亚洲除泥法的横切面]]
[[Image:Asian sludge.jpg|thumb|right|200px|亚洲除泥法]]
[[Image:Asian sludge in action.jpg|thumb|right|200px| 正在使用亚洲除泥法]]
__NOTOC__ <small-title />
除泥是一种人工钻取技术，使用这种技术时，水循环将钻屑带到地表。钻杆上下移动。在下冲程中，钻头将土壤钻得疏松，而在上冲程中，钻杆的顶端由把手（或阀门）关闭，通过钻杆来抽取水并将钻屑转移到地表。在下一个下冲程中，通过把手（或阀门）将钻杆的顶端打开，水喷射至水井前面的坑中。在坑中，钻屑与水分离并沉淀，同时水从坑中流出，从而流回水井。
由于水压作用，井眼不会闭合。通常往水中添加一些增稠剂（例如黏土、膨润土、甚至是牛粪），以防止洞坍陷并减少作业用水的流失（钻井液）。
===适宜条件===
适合疏松地层: 沙子、淤泥和黏土。如果旋转（包括使用钻头），有可能穿透更软的压实地层，例如硬黏土、软砂岩和风化红土。
很难钻入更坚硬的地层。为了解决这个问题而发明了[[Sludging - Rota sludge|Rota 除泥法]]。
无法钻入粗砾石和其他极易透水的材料（地层中的裂缝）会导致作业用水流失。如果在钻至井眼三米之前钻到细砂（流砂），则需要再加一层临时套管和膨胀黏土以防止塌陷。
使用除泥法（无论有无旋转）可钻达35米深。
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|-
! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages
! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages
|-
| valign="top" | - Easy to handle and a temporary casing is normally not needed. It is possible to construct the drilling equipment locally.<br>
- Faster as augering or percussion, as the drilling pipe can be easily extended during the drilling process, and does not need to be removed from the borehole during the process.
| valign="top" | - The borehole stays open by water pressure. To prevent collapsing, fluid-drilled boreholes must be kept full of water during the entire drilling and well installation process.<br>
|}
===Construction, operations and maintenance===
Equipment is very cheap and can be produced locally.
===Field experiences===
Mainly used in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Chad.
===Manuals, videos and links===
* [http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/evaluation/watsan2005/annex_files/PRACTICA/PRACT2%20-%20Rota-sludge%20and%20stone%20hammer%20drilling.pdf Rota-sludge and Stone Hammer drilling, part one: Drilling Manual] by Practica Foundation. [http://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/HERWIJNEN%202005%20Rota%20Sludge%20and%20Stone%20Hammer%20Drilling%20Part%20two%20Production%20Manual.pdf Rota-sludge and Stone Hammer drilling, part two: Production Manual] by Practica Foundation.
* Drilling & well construction reference manual, Lifewater Canada, update 2004. Internet manual on hydrogeology, well construction, all drilling techniques, hand pumps and more. [http://www.lifewater.ca/download/Lifewater_Drilling_Manual_2004.pdf Download manual]. Other information can be found on the [http://www.lifewater.ca/ Website of Livewater].
* KOEGEL, R. (1985) Self Help Wells, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, FAO, Rome.ISBN 92-5-100398-X [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5567E/X5567E00.htm html version].
* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling/174-sludging Rural Water Supply Network article on Hand Sludging]
* CARTER, R. C. (2005) Human-Powered Drilling Technologies. an overview of human-powered drilling technologies for shallow small diameter well construction, for domestic and agricultural water supply , Silsoe College , Cranfield University , Bedfordshire, UK [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/402 Download]
* Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps, Peter Wurzel, Skat, Switzerland, 2001 - A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development - [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/148 Download]. Website of [http://www.skat.ch SKAT]
* Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa, M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques - [http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7314e/w7314e0v.htm website]. Website of [http://www.fao.org/documents/ FAO documents].
* Technical note 43. Simple drilling methods, Bob Elson and Rod Shaw, WEDC - An overview of simple drilling methods [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf Download]. Website of [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/ Loughborough University Technical Briefs section]. Website of [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/ Loughborough University WELLS].
* A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series, UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementation. [http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/Wat_e.pdf Download].
* Technology notes, section 7; Tube wells and boreholes, WaterAid - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies. [https://www.dropbox.com/s/dc2lhxx7p657i2v/WaterAid_technology_notes.pdf?dl=0 Download]. Website of [http://www.wateraid.org/uk Wateraid.org].
* Multi-service procedures for well-drilling operations, field manual chapter 9, US Military Chapter 9, alternative well construction, manual drilling techniques - [http://navybmr.com/study%20material/14080a/14080A_ch9.pdf Download].
===Acknowledgements===
* The basis for the material on this page was obtained from a desk study shortly to be published on the website of the [http://www.practica.org Practica Foundation], and from the [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/ Rural Water Supply Network], and specifically its [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling manual drilling section].
* [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf 43. Simple drilling methods.] WEDC.
[[Image:Cross section of an Asian sludge.jpg|thumb|right|200px| 亚洲除泥法的横切面]]
[[Image:Asian sludge.jpg|thumb|right|200px|亚洲除泥法]]
[[Image:Asian sludge in action.jpg|thumb|right|200px| 正在使用亚洲除泥法]]
__NOTOC__ <small-title />
除泥是一种人工钻取技术，使用这种技术时，水循环将钻屑带到地表。钻杆上下移动。在下冲程中，钻头将土壤钻得疏松，而在上冲程中，钻杆的顶端由把手（或阀门）关闭，通过钻杆来抽取水并将钻屑转移到地表。在下一个下冲程中，通过把手（或阀门）将钻杆的顶端打开，水喷射至水井前面的坑中。在坑中，钻屑与水分离并沉淀，同时水从坑中流出，从而流回水井。
由于水压作用，井眼不会闭合。通常往水中添加一些增稠剂（例如黏土、膨润土、甚至是牛粪），以防止洞坍陷并减少作业用水的流失（钻井液）。
===适宜条件===
适合疏松地层: 沙子、淤泥和黏土。如果旋转（包括使用钻头），有可能穿透更软的压实地层，例如硬黏土、软砂岩和风化红土。
很难钻入更坚硬的地层。为了解决这个问题而发明了[[Sludging - Rota sludge|Rota 除泥法]]。
无法钻入粗砾石和其他极易透水的材料（地层中的裂缝）会导致作业用水流失。如果在钻至井眼三米之前钻到细砂（流砂），则需要再加一层临时套管和膨胀黏土以防止塌陷。
使用除泥法（无论有无旋转）可钻达35米深。
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|-
! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages
! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages
|-
| valign="top" | - Easy to handle and a temporary casing is normally not needed. It is possible to construct the drilling equipment locally.<br>
- Faster as augering or percussion, as the drilling pipe can be easily extended during the drilling process, and does not need to be removed from the borehole during the process.
| valign="top" | - The borehole stays open by water pressure. To prevent collapsing, fluid-drilled boreholes must be kept full of water during the entire drilling and well installation process.<br>
|}
===Construction, operations and maintenance===
Equipment is very cheap and can be produced locally.
===Field experiences===
Mainly used in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Chad.
===Manuals, videos and links===
* [http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/evaluation/watsan2005/annex_files/PRACTICA/PRACT2%20-%20Rota-sludge%20and%20stone%20hammer%20drilling.pdf Rota-sludge and Stone Hammer drilling, part one: Drilling Manual] by Practica Foundation. [http://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/HERWIJNEN%202005%20Rota%20Sludge%20and%20Stone%20Hammer%20Drilling%20Part%20two%20Production%20Manual.pdf Rota-sludge and Stone Hammer drilling, part two: Production Manual] by Practica Foundation.
* Drilling & well construction reference manual, Lifewater Canada, update 2004. Internet manual on hydrogeology, well construction, all drilling techniques, hand pumps and more. [http://www.lifewater.ca/download/Lifewater_Drilling_Manual_2004.pdf Download manual]. Other information can be found on the [http://www.lifewater.ca/ Website of Livewater].
* KOEGEL, R. (1985) Self Help Wells, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, FAO, Rome.ISBN 92-5-100398-X [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5567E/X5567E00.htm html version].
* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling/174-sludging Rural Water Supply Network article on Hand Sludging]
* CARTER, R. C. (2005) Human-Powered Drilling Technologies. an overview of human-powered drilling technologies for shallow small diameter well construction, for domestic and agricultural water supply , Silsoe College , Cranfield University , Bedfordshire, UK [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/402 Download]
* Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps, Peter Wurzel, Skat, Switzerland, 2001 - A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development - [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/148 Download]. Website of [http://www.skat.ch SKAT]
* Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa, M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques - [http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7314e/w7314e0v.htm website]. Website of [http://www.fao.org/documents/ FAO documents].
* Technical note 43. Simple drilling methods, Bob Elson and Rod Shaw, WEDC - An overview of simple drilling methods [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf Download]. Website of [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/ Loughborough University Technical Briefs section]. Website of [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/ Loughborough University WELLS].
* A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series, UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementation. [http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/Wat_e.pdf Download].
* Technology notes, section 7; Tube wells and boreholes, WaterAid - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies. [https://www.dropbox.com/s/dc2lhxx7p657i2v/WaterAid_technology_notes.pdf?dl=0 Download]. Website of [http://www.wateraid.org/uk Wateraid.org].
* Multi-service procedures for well-drilling operations, field manual chapter 9, US Military Chapter 9, alternative well construction, manual drilling techniques - [http://navybmr.com/study%20material/14080a/14080A_ch9.pdf Download].
===Acknowledgements===
* The basis for the material on this page was obtained from a desk study shortly to be published on the website of the [http://www.practica.org Practica Foundation], and from the [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/ Rural Water Supply Network], and specifically its [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling manual drilling section].
* [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf 43. Simple drilling methods.] WEDC.
