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Natural rock catchment and Open water reservoir

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{{Language-box|english_link= Natural rock catchment and Open water reservoir | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon | hindi_link= Coming soon | malayalam_link= Coming soon | tamil_link= Coming soon | korean_link= Coming soon | chinese_link=岩石集水区及开放式水库 | indonesian_link= Coming soon | japanese_link= Coming soon }}__NOTOC__ <small-title />
[[Image:ground ctch icon.png|right|80px]]
[[Image:BareRockCatchment.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Natural rock catchment on Sullivan Rock, USA. <br> Photo: [http://bibbulmuntrack1000.blogspot.com/2010/09/5th-training-324-km-5-days-walk.html Paul Madden.]]]
[[Image:RockCatchment.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Rock catchment project in Kitui, Kenya. <br> Photo: [http://www.friendsofkitui.com/rockcatchWater_Issues.htm html Friends of Kitui.]]]
Rock catchment dams are developed from a rock outcrop to catch and concentrate rainwater runoff into a storage structure for productive use. In arid and semi-arid lands with large rock outcrops, a lot of runoff is generated after rains. Through development of rock surface into a catchment, the runoff can be harvested and stored for domestic and livestock use to alleviate water shortages.
'''Specific advice''':
[[Image:RockCatchmentRoof.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Building a roof for the rock catchment dam to keep it clean and minimise evaporation losses. Photo: [http://www.googlesamsamwater.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CDcQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samsamwater.com%2Flibrary%2FBook1_Water_from_Rock_Outcropslibrary/Book1_Water_from_Rock_Outcrops.pdf&ei=Ys59T4_iLanM2gXA4NTlDA&usg=AFQjCNFY-XFDfUONAlG7HCp0p7Q4YDDOhw&sig2=UKAZc-rFHN-M4tfVsNOZGQ Water from Rock Outcrops.] DANIDA.]][[Image:RockPool.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A rock pool in near Taveta, Kenya. Photo: [http://www.googlesamsamwater.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CDcQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samsamwater.com%2Flibrary%2FBook1_Water_from_Rock_Outcropslibrary/Book1_Water_from_Rock_Outcrops.pdf&ei=Ys59T4_iLanM2gXA4NTlDA&usg=AFQjCNFY-XFDfUONAlG7HCp0p7Q4YDDOhw&sig2=UKAZc-rFHN-M4tfVsNOZGQ Water from Rock Outcrops.] DANIDA.]][[Image:MeasureRockGradient.jpg|thumb|right|200px|To measure the rock gradient, a spirit-level horizontal on a 100cm length of timber is used. This rock is determined to be too steep. Photo: [http://www.googlesamsamwater.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CDcQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samsamwater.com%2Flibrary%2FBook1_Water_from_Rock_Outcropslibrary/Book1_Water_from_Rock_Outcrops.pdf&ei=Ys59T4_iLanM2gXA4NTlDA&usg=AFQjCNFY-XFDfUONAlG7HCp0p7Q4YDDOhw&sig2=UKAZc-rFHN-M4tfVsNOZGQ Water from Rock Outcrops.] DANIDA.]]
In general, it seems that smaller scale dams owned privately might have more chance of success in terms of participation in the construction
and maintenance processes. However, using a self-help method of community organising, larger projects can also be successful.
* '''Range of scale:''' a range from 20 Ksh per m3 (USD 0.27), for a reservoir volume of 5000 m3 (a valley dam constructed by oxen), to 100 Ksh per m3 (1.37 USD), for a reservoir storage volume of 100 m3
[[Image:RubbleStones.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Rubble stones save about 50% of the cost of cement, sand, and ballast. Photo: [http://www.googlesamsamwater.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CDcQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samsamwater.com%2Flibrary%2FBook1_Water_from_Rock_Outcropslibrary/Book1_Water_from_Rock_Outcrops.pdf&ei=Ys59T4_iLanM2gXA4NTlDA&usg=AFQjCNFY-XFDfUONAlG7HCp0p7Q4YDDOhw&sig2=UKAZc-rFHN-M4tfVsNOZGQ Water from Rock Outcrops.] DANIDA.]]
There are 3 types of rock catchment costs to compare:
# Earthen dams are the easiest and cheapest to construct using manual labor or animal draught (yet vulnerable to seepage, erosion, and evaporation).
* [http://www.ehow.com/how_6713156_calculate-runoff-coefficient.html How to Calculate Runoff Coefficient]. Rain is a normal phenomenon for many mid-latitude areas. It creates runoff, a term for water movement. A runoff coefficient is a number that relates the rainfall rate and runoff rate. Using the runoff coefficient, scientists and hydrologists can calculate how much water passes over a given area per second. There are two ways you can find the runoff coefficient. One is by using the Rational Method, and the other is by using a runoff coefficient table.
* [http://www.friendsofkitui.com/waterissuesWater_Issues.htm html Friends of Kitui] - Open reservoir, water projects.
* [http://www.waterforaridland.com/Books/book%201water%20from%20rock%20outcrops.pdf Water from Rock Outcrops: A handbook for engineers and technicians on site investigations, designs, construction and maintenance of rock catchment tanks and dams] or ([http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/156042 alternative link]). A full project guide from start to finish, on building a dam in a natural rock catchment. Includes building options, how to measure and calculate, how to organise the community, how to fund raise and make a proposal, costs, and more.
* Nissen-Petersen, Erik, [http://www.waterforaridland.com/Books/book%201water%20from%20rock%20outcrops.pdf Water from Rock Outcrops: A handbook for engineers and technicians on site investigations, designs, construction and maintenance of rock catchment tanks and dams] or ([http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/156042 alternative link]). Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), 2006.
* [http://www.bebuffered.com/downloads/3R_Profit_from_Storage_2012profit-from-storage-reprint-2013_digitalvs.pdf Profit from Storage: the value of 3R]. RAIN, et al.
* [http://www.rippleethiopia.org/ index.php RiPPLE] (Research-inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia). Rock Catchment Dams.
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