* 如果通过控制洪水进行灌溉，农民应该更积极地参与开发改进防洪系统，新系统应该在现有方法和土地权的基础上改进，而不是像过去那样破坏或违反。
====Pre-construction considerations修建前的考虑====Spate floods are variable and difficult to predict using conventional rainfall-runoff models because rainfall is often not correlated to runoff in ephemeral rivers that feed spate systems. Large scale permanent structures built to resist the hostile conditions of full river flow are economically unfeasible and also still prone to damage and siltation. Although siltation brings nutrients, it also creates one of the major difficulties with spate irrigation – sediment load tends to be between 3洪水多变，因此很难用传统的降雨径流模式预测，因为降雨通常不与流入防洪系统的季节性河流的径流相关。为抵挡凶猛洪水而修建大规模永久性的引水建筑物造价太高，而且仍可能遭到破坏并出现淤积现象。虽然，淤积能带来营养物质，但同时也会对洪水灌溉造成一个严重问题——季节性河流中的沉淀物大约占3%-10% in seasonal rivers with particle size varying from silt to boulders. Silt causes problems of silting up channels, raising farmland and causing river courses to change direction and miss the diversion structure altogether. There are also large quantities of floating debris which can cause problems for intakes. ，沉淀物小有泥沙，大有巨砾。泥沙会堵塞管道，抬高耕地并导致河道改道，从而错过引水建筑物。大量的漂浮物也会导致流入量出问题。
The following are recommended:以下有五点建议：* Rebuilding parts of the system after major floods can be a more cost-effective option than designing more permanent structures. Traditional diversion structures work well at a fraction of cost of other types and also work better – they can breach in high floods (heavy silt-laden water does not come out onto land).洪水过后，重建该系统的某些部分比设计更持久的引水建筑物要更划算。传统的引水建筑物不仅效果更好，而且费用比其他方式低得多。它能分隔洪水（泥沙淤积严重的河水不会流向陆地）。* Improvements in water distribution and moisture conservation may be more beneficial than focusing only on improving diversion structure efficiency 改进河水分流并保持土壤水分比仅仅提高引水建筑物的效率更有益处 (see 请参阅 [[Bunds堤岸]]). Where this is not yet practised, it should be promoted.。应该在还没有普及这个方法的地方进行推广。* Physical changes to traditional systems should be made so as to be as flexible as possible, given the uncertain and highly variable nature of spate flows. Traditionally, spate irrigation has incorporated this flexibility with farmers moving to different areas when needed.由于洪水极不稳定，因此需要改变传统的系统使其更加灵活。在过去，洪水灌溉的灵活性体现在农民身上，他们随时需要转移到其他地方。* Incremental structural reinforcements to existing traditional intakes have been proven as cost-effective and more successful than larger scale interventions. 逐渐加固现有的传统流入量证实与大规模干预同样划算，并且比后者效果更好。 * Simple diversion structures with no gate is made from gabions, rubble masonry or concrete. They are simpler for farmers to maintain using indigenous skills. Flow-restricting structures and rejection spillways need to be included at heads of canals to prevent large uncontrolled flows from damaging canals and irrigation infrastructure. 没有闸门的简易引水建筑物由石笼、碎石砌墙或混凝土建成。农民十分熟悉这种方法，因此更容易进行维护。限制流量的引水建筑物和溢洪道需要在运河的上游，以防止洪流损坏运河和灌溉设施。
====Operations and maintenance====
