===Products===
Products are materials that are also called ‘wastes’ or ‘resources’. Some products are generated directly by humans (e.g., Urine and Faeces), others are required in the functioning of technologies (e.g., Flushwater to move Excreta through sewers) and some are generated as a function of storage or treatment (e.g., Sludge).
Products are materials For the design of a robust sanitation system, it is necessary to define all of the products that are also called ‘wastes’ or ‘resources’. Some Products are generated directly by humans flowing into (e.g. urine inputs) and faecesout of (outputs), others are required each of the sanitation technologies in the functioning of Technologies (e.gsystem. flush water to move excreta through sewers) and some The products referenced within this text are generated as a function or storage or treatment (e.g. faecal sludge)described below.
For the design of a robust sanitation system, it is necessary to define all of the Products that are flowing into (Inputs) and out (Outputs) of each of the sanitation Technologies in the system. The Products referenced within this text are described below.
====Pre-Treatment ProductsAnal Cleansing Water====
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Pre-Treatment Products are materials separated from Blackwater, Brownwater, Greywater or Sludge in preliminary treatment units, such as screens, grease traps or grit chambers (see PRE, p. 100). Substances like fats, oil, grease, and various solids (e.g. sand, fibres and trash), can impair transport Anal cleansing water is water used to cleanse oneself after defecating and/or treatment efficiency through clogging and wear. Thereforeurinating; it is generated by those who use water, rather than dry material, early removal of these substances is crucial for the durability anal cleansing. The volume of a sanitation systemwater used per cleaning typically ranges from 0.5 L to 3 L.
====UrineBiomass====
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Urine is Biomass refers to plants or animals cultivated using the liquid waste produced by the body to rid itself of urea water and other waste Products/or nutrients flowing through a sanitation system. In this contextThe term Biomass may include fish, insects, vegetables, the urine Product refers to pure urine fruit, forage or other beneficial crops that is not mixed with faeces or water. Depending on dietcan be utilized for food, human urine collected during one year (ca. 500 L) contains 2–4 kg nitrogen. With the exception of some rare casesfeed, urine is sterile when it leaves the bodyfibre and fuel production.
====Stored UrineBiogas====
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Stored Urine Biogas is Urine that has been hydrolysed naturally over time, i.e., the urea has been converted by enzymes into ammonia and bicarbonate. Stored Urine has a pH common name for the mixture of approximately 9gases released from anaerobic digestion. Most pathogens cannot survive at this pH. After 6 months Biogas is comprised of storagemethane (50 to 75%), the risk carbon dioxide (25 to 50%) and varying quantities of pathogen transmission is considerably reducednitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, water vapour and other components. Biogas can be collected and burned for fuel (like propane).
====FaecesBlackwater====
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Blackwater is the mixture of Urine, Faeces refers to and Flushwater along with Anal Cleansing Water (semi-solidif water is used for cleansing) excrement without urine and/or waterDry Cleansing Materials (see Figure 1). Each person produces approximately 50 L per year Blackwater contains the pathogens of faecal matter. Of Faeces and the total nutrients excreted, faeces contain about 10% N, 30% P, 12% K and have 107–109 faecal coliforms /100 mLof Urine that are diluted in the Flushwater.
====Anal Cleansing WaterBrownwater====
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Anal cleansing water Brownwater is water collected after it has been used to cleanse oneself after defecating the mixture of Faeces and Flushwater, and/or urinatingdoes not contain Urine. It is only the water generated by Urine-Diverting Flush Toilets (U.6) and, therefore, the user for anal cleansing volume depends on the volume of the Flushwater used. The pathogen and does nutrient load of Faeces is not reduced, only diluted by the Flushwater. Brownwater may also include dry materials. The volume of Anal Cleansing Water (if water collected during anal is used for cleansing ranges from 0.5 L to 3 L per cleaning) and/or Dry Cleansing Materials (see Figure 1).
====Dry Cleansing MaterialsCompost====
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Solid materials used to cleanse oneself after defecating Compost is decomposed organic matter that results from a controlled aerobic degradation process. In this biological process, microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) decompose the biodegradable waste components andproduce an earth-like, odourless, brown/or urinating (eblack material.gCompost has excellent soil-conditioning properties and a variable nutrient content.Because of leaching and volatilization, papersome of the nutrients may be lost, leaves, corncobsbut the material is still rich in nutrients and organic matter. Generally, rags Excreta or stonesSludge should be composted long enough (2 to 4 months). Dependingunder thermophilicon the system, Dry Cleansing Materials may conditions (55 to 60 °C) in order to be collected and separately disposed ofsanitized sufficiently for safe agricultural use. Although extremely important, a separate product name for menstrual hygiene products like sanitary napkins and tampons This temperature is not included guaranteed in this Compendiummost Composting Chambers (S. In general (though not always8), they should but considerable pathogen reduction can normally be treated along with the solid waste generated in the householdachieved.
====StormwaterDried Faeces====
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Stormwater is Dried Faeces are Faeces that have been dehydrated until they become a dry, crumbly material. Dehydration takes place by storing Faeces in a dry environment with good ventilation, high temperatures and/or the general term for presence of absorbent material. Very little degradation occurs during dehydration and this means that the rainfall runoff collected from roofsDried Faeces are still rich in organic matter. However, roads Faeces reduce by around 75% in volume during dehydration and other surfaces before flowing towards low-lying landmost pathogens die off. It There is the portion of rainfall a small risk that does not infiltrate into some pathogenic organisms can be reactivated under the soilright conditions, particularly, in humid environments.
====GreywaterDry Cleansing Materials====
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Greywater is Dry Cleansing Materials are solid materials used to cleanse oneself after defecating and/or urinating (e.g., paper, leaves, corncobs, rags or stones). Depending on the total volume of water generated from washing foodsystem, clothes Dry Cleansing Materials may be collected and dishware as well as from bathing. It may contain traces separately disposed of excreta and therefore will also contain pathogens and excreta. Greywater accounts Although extremely important, a separate product name for approximately 60% of the wastewater produced menstrual hygiene products like sanitary napkins and tampons is not included in households this Compendium. In general (though not always), they should be treated along with flush toilets. It contains few pathogens and its flow of nitrogen is only 10–20% of that the solid waste generated in blackwaterthe household.
====FlushwaterEffluent====
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Flushwater Effluent is the water general term for a liquid that is used to transport excreta from the User Interface to the next leaves a technology, typically after Blackwater or Sludge has undergone solids separation or some other type of treatment. Freshwater, rainwater, recycled greywater, Effluent originates at either a Collection and Storage or any combination a (Semi-) Centralized Treatment technology. Depending on the type of treatment, the three Effluent may be completely sanitized or may require further treatment before it can be used as a Flushwater sourceor disposed of.
====OrganicsExcreta====
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Organics refers here to biodegradable organic material Excreta consists of Urine and Faeces that could also be called biomass or green organic wasteis not mixed with any Flushwater. Although the other Products Excreta is small in this Compendium contain organicsvolume, this term refers to undigested plant material. Organics must be added to some technologies but concentrated in order for them to function properly (eboth nutrients and pathogens.g. composting chambers). Organic degradable material can include but is not limited to leavesDepending on the quality of the Faeces, grass and market wasteit has a soft or runny consistency.
====BlackwaterFaeces====
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Blackwater Faeces refers to (semi-solid) excrement that is the mixture of urine, faeces and flushwater along not mixed with anal cleansing Urine or water (if anal cleansing is practiced) and/or dry cleansing material (e.gDepending on diet, each person produces approximately 50 L per year of faecal matter. toilet paper)Fresh faeces contain about 80% water. Blackwater has all of the pathogens of faeces and all of Of the total nutrients of urineexcreted, Faeces contain about 12% N, 39% P, but diluted 26% K and have 107 to 109 faecal coliforms in flushwater100 mL.
====SludgeFlushwater====
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Sludge Flushwater is a mixture of solids and liquids, containing mostly Excreta and the water, in combination with sand, grit, metals, trash discharged into the User Interface to transport the content and/or various chemical compoundsclean it. A distinction can be made between faecal Sludge and wastewater Sludge. Faecal Sludge comes from onsite sanitation technologiesFreshwater, i.e.rainwater, it has not been transported through a sewer. It can be raw or partially digestedrecycled Greywater, a slurry or semisolid, and results from any combination of the Collection and Storage/Treatment of Excreta or Blackwater, with or without Greywater. For three can be used as a more detailed characterization of faecal Sludge refer to Strande et al., 2014 (see Sector Development Tools, p. 9)Flushwater source. Wastewater Sludge (also referred to as sewage Sludge) is Sludge that originatesfrom sewer-based wastewater collection and (Semi-) Centralized Treatment processes. The Sludge composition will determine the type of treatment that is required and the end-use possibilities.
====Treated SludgeGreywater====
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Treated Sludge Greywater is the general term for partially digested or fully stabilized faecal sludge. The US Environmental Protection Agency has strict criteria to differentiate between degrees total volume of treatment water generated from washing food, clothes and consequentlydishware, how those different types of sludges can be used. ‘Treated Sludge’ is used in the System Templates and in the Technology Information Sheets as a general term to indicate that the sludge has undergone some level of treatmentwell as from bathing, although it should but not be assumed that ‘treated sludge’ is fully treated or that it is automatically safefrom toilets. It is meant to indicate that the sludge has undergone some degree may contain traces of treatment and is no longer rawExcreta (e.g. It is the responsibility of the user to inquire about the composition, quality from washing diapers) and , therefore safety , also pathogens. Greywater accounts for approximately 65% of the local sludgewastewater produced in households with flush toilets.
====ExcretaOrganics====
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Excreta consists of urine and faeces Organics refers to biodegradable plant material (organic waste) that must be added to some technologies in order for them to function properly (e.g., Composting Chambers, S.8). Organic degradable material can include, but is not mixed with any flushing waterlimited to, leaves, grass and market waste. Excreta is small Although other products in volumethis Compendium contain organic matter, but concentrated in nutrients and pathogens. Depending on the quality of the faeces it is solid, soft or runnyterm Organics refers to undigested plant material.
====BrownwaterPit Humus====
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Brownwater consists of faeces and flushwater (although in actual practice there Pit Humus is always some urinethe term used to describe the nutrient- rich, hygienically improved, as only 70–85% of the urine humic material that is divertedgenerated in double pit technologies (S.4-S.6)through dewatering and degradation. Brownwater This earth-like product is generated also referred to as EcoHumus, a term conceived by urine-diverting flush toilets Peter Morgan in Zimbabwe. The various natural decomposition processes taking place in alternating pits can be both aerobic and thereforeanaerobic in nature, the volume depends depending on the volume of the flushwater usedtechnology and operating conditions. The pathogen main difference between Pit Humus and nutrient load of faeces Compost is that the degradation processes are passive and are not reducedsubjected to a controlled oxygen supply, C:N ratio, only diluted by humidity and temperature. Therefore, the rate of pathogen reduction is generally slower and the quality of the flushwaterproduct, including its nutrient and organic matter content, can vary considerably. Pit Humus can look very similar to Compost and have good soil conditioning properties, although pathogens may still be present.
====Dried faecesPre-Treatment Products====
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Dried faeces Pre-Treatment Products are faeces that have been dehydrated at high temperatures materials separated from Blackwater, Brownwater, Greywater or Sludge in preliminary treatment units, such as screens, grease traps or grit chambers (see PRE, p. 100). Substances like fats, oil, grease, and high pHvarious solids (e.g. sand, fibres and trash) until they become a dry, sanitized powder. Very little degradation occurs during dehydration can impair transport and/or treatment efficiency through clogging and this means that the dried faeces are still rich in organic materialwear. Faeces will reduce in volume by around 75%. There Therefore, early removal of these substances is crucial for the durability of a small risk that some organisms can be reactivated in the right environmentssanitation system.
====Stored urineSludge====
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Stored urine Sludge is urine that has been hydrolyzed naturally over timea mixture of solids and liquids, containing mostly Excreta and water, in combination with sand, grit, metals, trash and/or various chemical compounds. A distinction can be made between faecal Sludge and wastewater Sludge. Faecal Sludge comes from onsite sanitation technologies, i.e. the urea , it has not been converted by enzymes into carbon dioxide transported through a sewer. It can be raw or partially digested, a slurry or semisolid, and ammoniaresults from the Collection and Storage/Treatment of Excreta or Blackwater, with or without Greywater. Stored urine has For a pH more detailed characterization of approximately faecal Sludge refer to Strande et al., 2014 (see Sector Development Tools, p. 9). Wastewater Sludge (also referred to as sewage Sludge) is Sludge that originatesfrom sewer-based wastewater collection and (Semi-) Centralized Treatment processes. After 6 months of storage, The Sludge composition will determine the risk type of pathogen transmission treatment that is reduced considerablyrequired and the end-use possibilities.
====EffluentStored Urine====
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Effluent Stored Urine is Urine that has been hydrolysed naturally over time, i.e., the general term for liquid that urea has been converted by enzymes into ammonia and bicarbonate. Stored Urine has undergone some level a pH of treatment and/or separation from solidsapproximately 9. It originates Most pathogens cannot survive at either a Collection and Storage/Treatment or a (Semi-) Centralized Treatment Technologythis pH. Depending on the type After 6 months of treatmentstorage, the effluent may be completely sanitized or may require further treatment before it can be used or disposed risk ofpathogen transmission is considerably reduced.
====Pit HumusStormwater====
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Pit Humus Stormwater is the general term used to describe for the nutrient- richrainfall runoff collected from roofs, hygienically improved, humic material that is generated in double pit technologies (S.4roads and other surfaces before flowing towards low-Slying land.6) through dewatering and degradation. This earth-like product It is also referred to as EcoHumus, a term conceived by Peter Morgan in Zimbabwe. The various natural decomposition processes taking place in alternating pits can be both aerobic and anaerobic in nature, depending on the technology and operating conditions. The main difference between Pit Humus and Compost is portion of rainfall that the degradation processes are passive and are does not subjected to a controlled oxygen supply, C:N ratio, humidity and temperature. Therefore, infiltrate into the rate of pathogen reduction is generally slower and the quality of the product, including its nutrient and organic matter content, can vary considerably. Pit Humus can look very similar to Compost and have good soil conditioning properties, although pathogens may still be present.
====Biogas====
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Biogas is the common name for the mixture of gases released from anaerobic digestion. Typically biogas is comprised of methane (50–75%), carbon dioxide (25–50%) and varying quantities of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, water and other components.
====ForageUrine====
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Forage Urine is the liquid produced by the body to rid itself of urea and other waste products. In this context, the Urine product refers to aquatic or other plants pure Urine that grow in planted drying beds is not mixed with Faeces or constructed wetlands and may be harvested for feeding livestockwater. Depending on diet, human Urine collected from one person during one year (approx. 300 to 550 L) contains 2 to 4 kg of nitrogen. With the exception of some rare cases, Urine is sterile when it leaves the body.
