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To prevent leaching, the ponds should have a liner. The liner can be clay, asphalt, compacted earth, or another impervious material. To protect the pond from runoff and erosion, a protective berm should be constructed around the pond using the excavated material.
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- Requires expert design and supervision. <br> - Variable capital cost depending on the price of land. <br> - Requires large land area. <br> - Effluent/sludge require secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge.
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==Adequacy==
To prevent scum formation, excess solids and garbage from entering the ponds, pre-treatment (with grease traps) is essential to maintain the ponds. The pond must be desludged once every 10 to 20 years. A fence should be installed to ensure that people and animals stay out of the area and excess garbage does not enter the ponds. Rodents may invade the berm and cause damage to the liner. Raising the water level should prompt rodents to evacuate the berm. Care should be taken to ensure that plant material does not fall into the ponds. Vegetation or macrophytes that are present in the pond should be removed as it may provide a breeding habitat for mosquitoes and prevent light from penetrating the water column.
==Acknowledgements==
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}
==Referencesand external links== * Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems.)
* Arthur, JP. (1983). Notes on the Design and Operation of Waste Stabilization Ponds in Warm Climates of Developing Countries. The World Bank+ UNDP, Washington.
