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New page: 120px This portal describes sanitation technologies which can be applied from the household level to the village level. A sanitation system does not c...
[[Image:Sanitation4icons.png|right|120px]]
This portal describes sanitation technologies which can be applied from the household level to the village level.
A sanitation system does not consist of a single technology described below. A complete sanitation system consists of a chain of technologies, each taking care of a specific function, such as the toilet, the transportation, and treatment. Each technology below is dedicated to one particular function in this chain. An example is given at the end of this page.
==Sanitation technologies==
Below, sanitation technologies are presented in different functional groups: User interface (Toilets, urinals, handwashing), Collection and Storage / Local Treatment, Conveyance, (semi-) Centralized Treatment, and Use of products / disposal.
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
!style="background:#efefef;"| Toilet Facilities
! Collection and Storage/ Local Treatment
!style="background:#efefef;"| Conveyance
! (semi-) Centralized Treatment
!style="background:#efefef;"| Use of Products/ Disposal
|- valign="top"
|align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;" |<!-- Content Column 1 starts here -->
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_dry_toilet.png|alt=Dry Toilet|width=91|link=Dry Toilet}} <br> [[Dry Toilet]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_diverting_dry_toilet.png|alt=Urine Diverting Dry Toilet|width=91|link=Urine Diverting Dry Toilet}} <br> [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urinal.png|alt=Urinal|width=91|link=Urinal}} <br> [[Urinal]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_pour_flush_toilet.png|alt=Pour Flush Toilet|width=91|link=Pour Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Pour Flush Toilet]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_cistern_flush_toilet.png|alt=Cistern Flush Toilet|width=91|link=Cistern Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Cistern Flush Toilet]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_diverting_flush_toilet.png|alt=Urine Diverting Flush Toilet|width=91|link=Urine Diverting Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Urine Diverting Flush Toilet]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=TippyTap_icon.png|alt=Tippy Tap|width=91|link=Tippy Tap}} <br> [[Tippy Tap|Hygiene - Tippy Tap]]
|}
<!-- Content Column 1 ends here -->
|align="center" width="20%" | <!-- Content Column 2 starts here -->
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_storage_tank_container.png|alt=Storage tank|width=91|link=Storage tanks}} <br> [[Storage tanks]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_single_pit.png|alt=Single Pit|width=91|link=Single Pit}} <br> [[Single Pit]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_single_ventilated_improved_pit.png|alt=Single Ventilated Improved Pit|width=91|link=Single Ventilated Improved Pit}} <br> [[Single Ventilated Improved Pit]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_double_ventilated_improved_pit.png|alt=Double Ventilated Improved Pit|width=91|link=Double Ventilated Improved Pit}} <br> [[Double Ventilated Improved Pit]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_fossa_alterna.png|alt=Fossa Alterna|width=91|link=Fossa Alterna}} <br> [[Fossa Alterna]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_twin_pits_for_pour_flush.png|alt=Twin Pits for Pour Flush|width=91|link=Twin Pits for Pour Flush}} <br> [[Twin Pits for Pour Flush]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_dehydration_vault_2.png|alt=Dehydration Vaults|width=91|link=Dehydration Vaults}} <br> [[Dehydration Vaults]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_composting_chamber.png|alt=Composting Chamber|width=91|link=Composting Chamber}} <br> [[Composting Chamber]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_septic_tank_2.png|alt=Septic Tank|width=91|link=Septic Tank}} <br> [[Septic Tank]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_baffled_reactor_2.png|alt=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Baffled Reactor]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filter.png|alt=Anaerobic Filter|width=91|link=Anaerobic Filter}} <br> [[Anaerobic Filter]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_biogas_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Biogas Reactor]]
|}
<!-- Content Column 2 ends here -->
|align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;"| <!-- Content Column 3 starts here -->
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_jerrycan_tank.png|alt=Jerrycan - tank|width=91|link=Jerrycan - tank}} <br> [[Jerrycan - tank]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_human_powered_emptying_and_transport.png|alt=Human-Powered Emptying and Transport|width=91|link=Human-Powered Emptying and Transport}} <br> [[Human-Powered Emptying and Transport]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_motorized_emptying_and_transport.png|alt=Motorized Emptying and Transport|width=91|link=Motorized Emptying and Transport}} <br> [[Motorized Emptying and Transport]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_simplified_sewers.png|alt=Simplified Sewers|width=91|link=Simplified Sewers}} <br> [[Simplified Sewers]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_solids_free_sewer.png|alt=Solids-free Sewer|width=91|link=Solids-free Sewer}} <br> [[Solids-free Sewer]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_conventional_gravity_sewer.png|alt=Conventional Gravity Sewer|width=91|link=Conventional Gravity Sewer}} <br> [[Conventional Gravity Sewer]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_transfer_station_underground_holding_tank.png|alt=Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)|width=91|link=Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)}} <br> [[Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_sewer_discharge_station.png|alt=Sewer Discharge Station|width=91|link=Sewer Discharge Station}} <br> [[Sewer Discharge Station]]
|}
<!-- Content Column 3 ends here -->
|align="center" width="20%" | <!-- Content Column 4 starts here -->
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_baffled_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Baffled Reactor]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filter.png|alt=Anaerobic Filter|width=91|link=Anaerobic Filter}} <br> [[Anaerobic Filter]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_waste_stabilization_ponds.png|alt=Waste Stabilization Pond|width=91|link=Waste Stabilization Pond}} <br> [[Waste Stabilization Pond]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_aerated_pond.png|alt=Aerated Pond|width=91|link=Aerated Pond}} <br> [[Aerated Pond]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_free-water_surface_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland|width=91|link=Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_horizontal_subsurface_flow_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland|width=91|link=Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_vertical_flow_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland|width=91|link=Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_trickling_filter.png|alt=Trickling Filter|width=91|link=Trickling Filter}} <br> [[Trickling Filter]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_reactor.png|alt=Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor|width=91|link=Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor}} <br> [[Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_activated_sludge.png|alt=Activated Sludge|width=91|link=Activated Sludge}} <br> [[Activated Sludge]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_sedimentation_thickening_ponds.png|alt=Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds|width=91|link=Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds}} <br> [[Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_unplanted_drying_beds.png|alt=Unplanted Drying Beds|width=91|link=Unplanted Drying Beds}} <br> [[Unplanted Drying Beds]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_planted_drying_beds.png|alt=Planted Drying Beds|width=91|link=Planted Drying Beds}} <br> [[Planted Drying Beds]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_co-composting.png|alt=Co-composting|width=91|link=Co-composting}} <br> [[Co-composting]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_biogas_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Biogas Reactor]]
|}
<!-- Content Column 4 ends here -->
|align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;"| <!-- Content Column 5 starts here -->
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_fill_and_cover_arborloo.png|alt=Fill and Cover - Arborloo|width=91|link=Fill and Cover - Arborloo}} <br> [[Fill and Cover - Arborloo]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_urine.png|alt=Application of Urine|width=91|link=Application of Urine}} <br> [[Application of Urine]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_dehydrated_faeces.png|alt=Application of Dehydrated Faeces|width=91|link=Application of Dehydrated Faeces}} <br> [[Application of Dehydrated Faeces]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_compost_eco_humus.png|alt=Application of Compost - Eco-Humus|width=91|link=Application of Compost - Eco-Humus}} <br> [[Application of Compost - Eco-Humus]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=biogas_as_source_of_energy_icon.jpg|alt=Biogas as source of energy|width=91|link=Biogas as source of energy}} <br> [[Biogas as source of energy|Biogas for energy]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_irrigation.png|alt=Irrigation|width=91|link=Irrigation}} <br> [[Irrigation]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_soak_pit.png|alt=Soak Pit|width=91|link=Soak Pit}} <br> [[Soak Pit]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_leach_field.png|alt=Leach Field|width=91|link=Leach Field}} <br> [[Leach Field]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_aquaculture.png|alt=Aquaculture Ponds|width=91|link=Aquaculture Ponds}} <br> [[Aquaculture Ponds]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_floating_plant_macrophyte_pond.png|alt=Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond|width=91|link=Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond}} <br> [[Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_water_disposal_groundwater_recharge.png|alt=Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge|width=91|link=Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge}} <br> [[Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_land_application_of_sludge.png|alt=Land Application of Sludge|width=91|link=Land Application of Sludge}} <br> [[Land Application of Sludge]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_surface_disposal.png|alt=Surface Disposal|width=91|link=Surface Disposal}} <br> [[Surface Disposal]]
|}
<!-- Content Column 5 ends here -->
|}
==Sanitation systems ==
In this section we give an example of a complete sanitation system, which consists of a chain of technologies. Reading the icons in the illustration below from the left to the right we have a [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet]] connecting to [[Storage tanks]], where the faeces are taken away through [[Human-Powered Emptying and Transport]] to be processed through [[Co-composting]] and then finally be used through [[Application of Compost - Eco-Humus]] and the [[Application of Urine]].
[[Image:sanitation_system_example.jpg]]
The table below lists eight different examples of sanitation systems, going from very simple to more complex. Of course, many other systems are possible, depending on the local context.
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="2" style="background:#f5faff"
| '''1''' [[Single Pit System]]
| '''2''' [[Waterless System with Alternating Pits]]
| '''3''' [[Pour Flush System with Twin Pits]]
| '''4''' [[Waterless System with Urine Diversion]]
| '''5''' [[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration]]
| '''6''' [[Blackwater Treatment System with Sewerage]]
| '''7''' [[(Semi-) Centralized Treatment System]]
| '''8''' [[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion]]
|}
== Acknowledgements ==
* The majority of the material in this portal was adapted from: Tilley, E. et al. (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies]. Eawag: The Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
* Currently, [http://www.waste.nl WASTE] is working on a Sanitation Decision Support tool, which will be integrated in this portal in the near future.
* [http://www.irc.nl/page/28448 Smart Sanitation Solutions] produced in collaboration with [http://www.nwp.nl Netherlands Water Partnership], [http://www.waste.nl WASTE], [http://www.practicafoundation.nl/ PRACTICA], [http://www.irc.nl IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre], SIMAWI and [http://www.partnersforwater.nl/ Partners voor Water]
This portal describes sanitation technologies which can be applied from the household level to the village level.
A sanitation system does not consist of a single technology described below. A complete sanitation system consists of a chain of technologies, each taking care of a specific function, such as the toilet, the transportation, and treatment. Each technology below is dedicated to one particular function in this chain. An example is given at the end of this page.
==Sanitation technologies==
Below, sanitation technologies are presented in different functional groups: User interface (Toilets, urinals, handwashing), Collection and Storage / Local Treatment, Conveyance, (semi-) Centralized Treatment, and Use of products / disposal.
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
!style="background:#efefef;"| Toilet Facilities
! Collection and Storage/ Local Treatment
!style="background:#efefef;"| Conveyance
! (semi-) Centralized Treatment
!style="background:#efefef;"| Use of Products/ Disposal
|- valign="top"
|align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;" |<!-- Content Column 1 starts here -->
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_dry_toilet.png|alt=Dry Toilet|width=91|link=Dry Toilet}} <br> [[Dry Toilet]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_diverting_dry_toilet.png|alt=Urine Diverting Dry Toilet|width=91|link=Urine Diverting Dry Toilet}} <br> [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urinal.png|alt=Urinal|width=91|link=Urinal}} <br> [[Urinal]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_pour_flush_toilet.png|alt=Pour Flush Toilet|width=91|link=Pour Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Pour Flush Toilet]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_cistern_flush_toilet.png|alt=Cistern Flush Toilet|width=91|link=Cistern Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Cistern Flush Toilet]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_diverting_flush_toilet.png|alt=Urine Diverting Flush Toilet|width=91|link=Urine Diverting Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Urine Diverting Flush Toilet]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=TippyTap_icon.png|alt=Tippy Tap|width=91|link=Tippy Tap}} <br> [[Tippy Tap|Hygiene - Tippy Tap]]
|}
<!-- Content Column 1 ends here -->
|align="center" width="20%" | <!-- Content Column 2 starts here -->
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_storage_tank_container.png|alt=Storage tank|width=91|link=Storage tanks}} <br> [[Storage tanks]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_single_pit.png|alt=Single Pit|width=91|link=Single Pit}} <br> [[Single Pit]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_single_ventilated_improved_pit.png|alt=Single Ventilated Improved Pit|width=91|link=Single Ventilated Improved Pit}} <br> [[Single Ventilated Improved Pit]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_double_ventilated_improved_pit.png|alt=Double Ventilated Improved Pit|width=91|link=Double Ventilated Improved Pit}} <br> [[Double Ventilated Improved Pit]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_fossa_alterna.png|alt=Fossa Alterna|width=91|link=Fossa Alterna}} <br> [[Fossa Alterna]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_twin_pits_for_pour_flush.png|alt=Twin Pits for Pour Flush|width=91|link=Twin Pits for Pour Flush}} <br> [[Twin Pits for Pour Flush]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_dehydration_vault_2.png|alt=Dehydration Vaults|width=91|link=Dehydration Vaults}} <br> [[Dehydration Vaults]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_composting_chamber.png|alt=Composting Chamber|width=91|link=Composting Chamber}} <br> [[Composting Chamber]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_septic_tank_2.png|alt=Septic Tank|width=91|link=Septic Tank}} <br> [[Septic Tank]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_baffled_reactor_2.png|alt=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Baffled Reactor]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filter.png|alt=Anaerobic Filter|width=91|link=Anaerobic Filter}} <br> [[Anaerobic Filter]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_biogas_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Biogas Reactor]]
|}
<!-- Content Column 2 ends here -->
|align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;"| <!-- Content Column 3 starts here -->
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_jerrycan_tank.png|alt=Jerrycan - tank|width=91|link=Jerrycan - tank}} <br> [[Jerrycan - tank]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_human_powered_emptying_and_transport.png|alt=Human-Powered Emptying and Transport|width=91|link=Human-Powered Emptying and Transport}} <br> [[Human-Powered Emptying and Transport]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_motorized_emptying_and_transport.png|alt=Motorized Emptying and Transport|width=91|link=Motorized Emptying and Transport}} <br> [[Motorized Emptying and Transport]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_simplified_sewers.png|alt=Simplified Sewers|width=91|link=Simplified Sewers}} <br> [[Simplified Sewers]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_solids_free_sewer.png|alt=Solids-free Sewer|width=91|link=Solids-free Sewer}} <br> [[Solids-free Sewer]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_conventional_gravity_sewer.png|alt=Conventional Gravity Sewer|width=91|link=Conventional Gravity Sewer}} <br> [[Conventional Gravity Sewer]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_transfer_station_underground_holding_tank.png|alt=Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)|width=91|link=Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)}} <br> [[Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_sewer_discharge_station.png|alt=Sewer Discharge Station|width=91|link=Sewer Discharge Station}} <br> [[Sewer Discharge Station]]
|}
<!-- Content Column 3 ends here -->
|align="center" width="20%" | <!-- Content Column 4 starts here -->
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_baffled_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Baffled Reactor]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filter.png|alt=Anaerobic Filter|width=91|link=Anaerobic Filter}} <br> [[Anaerobic Filter]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_waste_stabilization_ponds.png|alt=Waste Stabilization Pond|width=91|link=Waste Stabilization Pond}} <br> [[Waste Stabilization Pond]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_aerated_pond.png|alt=Aerated Pond|width=91|link=Aerated Pond}} <br> [[Aerated Pond]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_free-water_surface_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland|width=91|link=Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_horizontal_subsurface_flow_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland|width=91|link=Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_vertical_flow_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland|width=91|link=Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_trickling_filter.png|alt=Trickling Filter|width=91|link=Trickling Filter}} <br> [[Trickling Filter]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_reactor.png|alt=Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor|width=91|link=Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor}} <br> [[Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_activated_sludge.png|alt=Activated Sludge|width=91|link=Activated Sludge}} <br> [[Activated Sludge]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_sedimentation_thickening_ponds.png|alt=Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds|width=91|link=Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds}} <br> [[Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_unplanted_drying_beds.png|alt=Unplanted Drying Beds|width=91|link=Unplanted Drying Beds}} <br> [[Unplanted Drying Beds]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_planted_drying_beds.png|alt=Planted Drying Beds|width=91|link=Planted Drying Beds}} <br> [[Planted Drying Beds]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_co-composting.png|alt=Co-composting|width=91|link=Co-composting}} <br> [[Co-composting]]
|}
{|style="height:140px"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_biogas_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Biogas Reactor]]
|}
<!-- Content Column 4 ends here -->
|align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;"| <!-- Content Column 5 starts here -->
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_fill_and_cover_arborloo.png|alt=Fill and Cover - Arborloo|width=91|link=Fill and Cover - Arborloo}} <br> [[Fill and Cover - Arborloo]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_urine.png|alt=Application of Urine|width=91|link=Application of Urine}} <br> [[Application of Urine]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_dehydrated_faeces.png|alt=Application of Dehydrated Faeces|width=91|link=Application of Dehydrated Faeces}} <br> [[Application of Dehydrated Faeces]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_compost_eco_humus.png|alt=Application of Compost - Eco-Humus|width=91|link=Application of Compost - Eco-Humus}} <br> [[Application of Compost - Eco-Humus]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=biogas_as_source_of_energy_icon.jpg|alt=Biogas as source of energy|width=91|link=Biogas as source of energy}} <br> [[Biogas as source of energy|Biogas for energy]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_irrigation.png|alt=Irrigation|width=91|link=Irrigation}} <br> [[Irrigation]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_soak_pit.png|alt=Soak Pit|width=91|link=Soak Pit}} <br> [[Soak Pit]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_leach_field.png|alt=Leach Field|width=91|link=Leach Field}} <br> [[Leach Field]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_aquaculture.png|alt=Aquaculture Ponds|width=91|link=Aquaculture Ponds}} <br> [[Aquaculture Ponds]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_floating_plant_macrophyte_pond.png|alt=Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond|width=91|link=Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond}} <br> [[Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_water_disposal_groundwater_recharge.png|alt=Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge|width=91|link=Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge}} <br> [[Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_land_application_of_sludge.png|alt=Land Application of Sludge|width=91|link=Land Application of Sludge}} <br> [[Land Application of Sludge]]
|}
{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"
|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_surface_disposal.png|alt=Surface Disposal|width=91|link=Surface Disposal}} <br> [[Surface Disposal]]
|}
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|}
==Sanitation systems ==
In this section we give an example of a complete sanitation system, which consists of a chain of technologies. Reading the icons in the illustration below from the left to the right we have a [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet]] connecting to [[Storage tanks]], where the faeces are taken away through [[Human-Powered Emptying and Transport]] to be processed through [[Co-composting]] and then finally be used through [[Application of Compost - Eco-Humus]] and the [[Application of Urine]].
[[Image:sanitation_system_example.jpg]]
The table below lists eight different examples of sanitation systems, going from very simple to more complex. Of course, many other systems are possible, depending on the local context.
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="2" style="background:#f5faff"
| '''1''' [[Single Pit System]]
| '''2''' [[Waterless System with Alternating Pits]]
| '''3''' [[Pour Flush System with Twin Pits]]
| '''4''' [[Waterless System with Urine Diversion]]
| '''5''' [[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration]]
| '''6''' [[Blackwater Treatment System with Sewerage]]
| '''7''' [[(Semi-) Centralized Treatment System]]
| '''8''' [[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion]]
|}
== Acknowledgements ==
* The majority of the material in this portal was adapted from: Tilley, E. et al. (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies]. Eawag: The Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
* Currently, [http://www.waste.nl WASTE] is working on a Sanitation Decision Support tool, which will be integrated in this portal in the near future.
* [http://www.irc.nl/page/28448 Smart Sanitation Solutions] produced in collaboration with [http://www.nwp.nl Netherlands Water Partnership], [http://www.waste.nl WASTE], [http://www.practicafoundation.nl/ PRACTICA], [http://www.irc.nl IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre], SIMAWI and [http://www.partnersforwater.nl/ Partners voor Water]
