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Transfers refer to funds from international donors and charitable foundations, including non-governmental organisations, decentralized cooperation or local civil society organizations and typically come from other countries (WHO and UN-Water, 2012).
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surety Guarantee], a promise by one party to assume responsibility for the debt obligation of a borrower if that borrower defaults. The person or company that provides this promise, is also known as a surety or guarantor.
===Transfer mechanisms===
These transfers can be made by:
* Payments to consultants, advisers and similar personnel as well as teachers and administrators serving in recipient countries (including the cost of associated equipment).
====Cardon Carbon credits====
Carbon credits are a new potential source of transfers that are already being used on a small scale for wastewater treatment projects (E-Source, 2009) and household water treatment initiatives (Water Institute, 2012).
===Examples===
====Chile: loans for sewerage connection====
In a financing model introduced by the Municipal Works Company of Santiago (EMOS) in Chile, poor households can apply for loans to finance the connection costs to the sewerage network (Sijbesma, 2011). Loans can last for a duration of 12, 24, 36 or 60 months. Eligibility and duration are based on the city’s social services department’s classification of each household. Households are expected to repay loans, in addition to meeting their respective monthly [[Tariffs|tariff]]. The ultra-poor pay between US$ 5 and US$ 10, in ten installments.
In Vietnam, the National Social Development Bank administers a government loan scheme where households can take out a loan for a sanitary toilet and/or a water supply connection (Sijbesma, 2011). Each household can take a loan of up to VND 3 million for a toilet, and the same amount for a water supply provision or connection. Together, the sanitation and water loans constitute about 7% of the total loans portfolio of the bank.
===Key documents===
* Carbon credits: potential source of funding for wastewater treatment projects, [http://www.source.irc.nl/page/48222 E-Source], 19 May 2009
* Winpenny, J., 2011. [http://www.gwptoolbox.org/images/stories/Docs/euwi%20fwg%20primer%20on%20financing%202011.pdf Financing for water and sanitation: a primer for practitioners and students in developing countries]. Stockholm, Sweden: The European Union Water Initiative Finance Working Group, EUWI-FWG.
===Links===
* [http://www.irc.nl IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre] is a knowledge broker, innovator and catalyst of change within the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector working internationally and in selected focus countries and regions. IRC seeks to extend WASH services to the less privileged, while ensuring that services are based on the sustainable use of water resources, are appropriately managed, and are better governed. IRC works in partnership with governments, the public and private sector, Dutch and international organisations, UN institutions, development banks and non-governmental networks and organisations.
* [http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/glaas_report_2012/en/index.html Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS)] is produced every two years by the World Health Organization (WHO) on behalf of UN-Water. It provides a global update on the policy frameworks, institutional arrangements, human resource base, and international and national finance streams in support of sanitation and drinking water.
