==Examples==
Analysis by (GLAAS, 2012, page 26) indicates that household contributions in the form of tariffs account for a significant share of investment, accounting for 44% of funding in the water and sanitation sector (see table 1).
<center>'''Table 1. Contribution of household tariffs (and costs associated with self-supply) in percentage (%)'''</center>
|-
! scope="col" style="background: gainsboro"|Country
! scope="col" style="background: gainsboro" |Contribution of household tariffs to total WASH funding! scope="col" style="background: gainsboro" |Contribution of household tariffs to total Operation and minor maintenance expenditure
|-
|Islamic Republic of Iran
|82%
|}
<center>Source: GLAAS, 2012</center>
Tariffs may cover operating costs but are rarely enough to cover all other costs (OECD, 2009) For example one third of the 66 countries in the GLAAS country survey (2012, p. 36) indicate that collected revenue with tariffs covers less than 80% of operating costs for urban utilities.
In many countries, water tariffs have not been adjusted for years and do not cover production and distribution costs (Ginneken et.al, 2011). Tariff adjustment for water is a very sensitive political issue, and governments have proven reluctant to approve increases. For instance, tariffs have remained unchanged in the Republic of Congo since 1994, in the Central African Republic since 1998, and in Togo since 2001.
Links
• IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre is a knowledge broker, innovator and catalyst of change within the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector working internationally and in selected focus countries and regions. IRC seeks to extend WASH services to the less privileged, while ensuring that services are based on the sustainable use of water resources, are appropriately managed, and are better governed. IRC works in partnership with governments, the public and private sector, Dutch and international organisations, UN institutions, development banks and non-governmental networks and organisations. For more information see www.irc.nl
• Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) is produced every two years by the World Health Organization (WHO) on behalf of UN-Water. It provides a global update on the policy frameworks, institutional arrangements, human resource base, and international and national finance streams in support of sanitation and drinking-water. For more information see http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/glaas_report_2012/en/index.html
