'''Area of use:''' Rural and low-income periurban areas where groundwater tables are within 100 m (but preferably within 45 m) from the surface.
==Construction, operations and maintenance==
The pump is operated by moving the handle up and down, or by rotating the handle of a flywheel. This can be done by adults and even children, since handle forces are usually kept within acceptable limits (depending on the brand and lifting heights). Preventive maintenance usually consists of checking that the pump is functioning, and cleaning the pump and pump site daily. Each week, the pump should be greased, and once a month all parts of the pumpstand must be checked. Small repairs include replacing bearings, cupseals and washers, and straightening bent pumping rods, etc.
Once a year, the entire pump should be dismantled for a check, the parts cleaned with clean water, and the pumpstand painted. Pump rods that show bad corrosion must be replaced. Under normal conditions, a galvanized steel pump rod needs to be replaced every five or six years. Rising mains made of galvanized iron should be removed and checked, and pipes with badly corroded threads replaced. Major repairs involve replacing the plunger, foot valve, cylinder, pump rods, rising main, pump handle, fulcrum, etc.
With open-top cylinder pumps, all preventive maintenance activities can normally be carried out by the pump caretaker for the village. With closed-top cylinder pumps, however, special lifting equipment may be needed to pull up the rising main and cylinder, so that pump parts down in the well hole can be maintained. Deep-well pumps can be too expensive for individual families, and they may be better suited to communal use. To maintain the pump in good working condition, communities will have to organize themselves, for example, by appointing a pump caretaker, or by coordinating activities through a pump committee. External support is often provided by state or nongovernmental organizations, but this can be costly. In some cases, small private enterprises, paid directly by the communities, are now doing this job satisfactorily.
