View source for Financing Sanitation, Paper Series I-4

The Financing Sanitation Paper Series is a unique collection of six articles about different aspects of sustainable financing of sanitation (in emerging markets) - from financial inclusion to private funding and from micro insurance to climate financing.
The first paper in the series - ''An overview of the financial instruments for sanitation used in FINISH programmes in India and Kenya'' - was launched on the 11th of November 2015. The first copies were simultaneously handed over by Stefan Reuter (Director Borda, a partner of WASTE) to Graham Alabaster (Chief Basic Urban Services UN-Habitat) and by one of the contributors of the first paper, Theo Brouwers (Actiam) within the company. It is available on different websites ([http://www.finishsociety.org finishsociety.org], [http://www.waste.nl waste.nl]) and is posted on several different forums.

The papers are very close to daily practices, written purely on the basis of experience, insights and materials developed within sanitation programmes in India and Kenya. Financial engineering is not a theoretical exercise, therefore every article will be based on our practical experiences. This is also the reason why you will find no references in most of the articles. The articles have been written by different experts in the field of sanitation, financing and business development, each one of them passionate and closely connected to sanitation financing from different perspectives.

===FINANCING SANITATION PAPER SERIES #1===
<font size="4" color="#696969">An overview of the financial instruments for sanitation used in FINISH programmes in India and Kenya</font>
[[Image:financing papers1.png|right|200px|]]

The financial inclusion paragraphs of FINISH show a diversity which was not foreseen when the programme was initiated. During the Stockholm International Water Week 2015, financial engineering activities in India and Kenya were discussed with a number of people (Pim van der Male (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Sjef Ernes (Aqua4All) and David Wilcox (ReachScale). This discussion led to the list of different financial instruments used in the FINISH programmes in India and Kenya.
A quick scan produced a list of 17 financial instruments. After writing them down in detail, the list grew to over 30 instruments. Some of these are generally known, but many of them are relatively new - some even under development. Presented is this overview and direction of movement with the instruments that are currently being tested and finalized. The hope is that this will assist development partners in designing, financing and implementing sanitation programmes, projects and businesses and thereby contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6: ensure water and sanitation access for all. 

====Microfinance====
From the entire spectrum of micro finance (financial literacy, micro credit, micro savings, micro insurance and micro pensions) most instruments are used in FINISH in India and Kenya. The microfinance instruments could still be further detailed in loan types and amounts (whereby differences and similarities between countries become apparent) and also different types of insurance products on offer. Micro pensions are not included, as it is not directly linked to the programme, though this is done by some partners. 

'''Entire Paper Download''': [http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/regional-chapters/indian-chapter/library-indian-chapter/details/2438 Financing Sanitation Paper Series #1 - An overview of the financial instruments for sanitation used in FINISH programmes in India and Kenya]

===FINANCING SANITATION PAPER SERIES #2===

<font size="4" color="#696969">Financing Sanitation, The essence of public and private funding for sanitation</font>
[[Image: financing papers2.png|right|200px]]

Described here are actual cases in Ethiopia, India and Kenya. The experiences are drawn from the SPA, ISSUE-2 and FINISH programmes. Both the SPA and ISSUE-2 programmes had multiple objectives, financing being one of these. In the case of FINISH, financial inclusion is one of the two key objectives. The other being improved sanitation and densities of the same leading to better community health. In practical terms this implies that more quantitative data will be available from FINISH.

Many of the sanitation programmes including those above run on two premises:<br>
1. Sanitation is a public good <br>
2. People are willing to pay, but not all people have the capacity to pay

Realising that there are limited public funds available, mixtures of public and private financing that leverage limited public financial resources attract other financial resources and target public resources to those most in need. Stratifying communities opens the possibility to design targeted/tailored financial instruments. The graph in the paper (available for download) shows on the left side the current scenario with many vulnerable people to a new scenario that is based on the ability to pay for sanitation investments and widens the “net” of private financing.

'''Entire Paper Download''': [http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2439 Financing Sanitation Paper Series #2 - The essence of public and private funding for sanitation]

===FINANCING SANITATION PAPER SERIES #3===

<font size="4" color="#696969">Deepening Financial Inclusion: The potential role of micro insurance in driving sanitation</font>
[[Image:financing papers3.png|right|200px]]

In this paper is described: (1) the possible role of micro insurance in development in general and in sanitation in particular; (2) the micro insurance work completed under FINISH, and (3) insights into the way forward, regarding the FINISH programme in Kenya. This paper is the most difficult of the financing sanitation papers as the journey has been rough and incomplete in linking micro insurance to sanitation. Particularly as healthcare products limited to hospitalization did not meet the FINISH requirements adequately. On the positive side, DGIS has been very supportive in continuing to try to make this vital link.

====Micro insurance====
Microinsurance has a special place in financial inclusion as it protects wealth of low income people against specific perils in exchange for regular payments (premium) proportionate to the likelihood and cost of risk involved. It does this through sharing the risk in the target market so that premiums remain affordable yet equitable. In general, insurance is administered in two ways: retailing individual insurance or through group insurance schemes. Both have their own nuances and their relative advantages and disadvantages.

'''Entire Paper Download''': [http://waste.nl/en/product/deepening-financial-inclusion Deepening Financial Inclusion: The potential role of micro insurance in driving sanitation]

===FINANCING SANITATION PAPER SERIES #4===

<font size="4" color="#696969">The relevance of a cheap motorbike for Sanitation: The bill of quantities in sanitation and the cheap motorcycle index</font>
[[Image:financing papers4.png|right|200px]]

In this paper, the cost of sanitation is compared to an alternative asset investment option: a (low cost) motorcycle. 

====The cheap Motorcycle Index====
One of the most common means of transport in Kenya or Uganda is a motorcycle. In view of its affordability, Chinese motorcycles have become the standard in Africa. With a given manufacturing cost in China and a known cost in shipping, local sales prices are an indicator of the state of the local economy. The resale value of the motorcycles is - just as in the case of sanitation systems - quite low. Therefore, if your sanitation system (barring the arborloo and toilets linked to a biogas system) is half or less of the cost of a motorcycle, the sanitation system is well priced. Or, in other words, if two sanitation systems cost more than one cheap motorcycle, the emphasis needs to be on lowering the cost of the sanitation systems. 

Chances are that:
# the dimensions of the system are not technically correct;
# erring on the side of over-cautiousness (engineered over-design);
# the cost of doing business is too high;
# profit margins are excessive.

This comparison offers a basic, though practical, tool to evaluate costing.
[[Image:financing papers4b.png|none|500px]]

<br>
'''Entire Paper Download''': [http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2895 The relevance of a cheap motorbike for Sanitation: The bill of quantities in sanitation and the cheap motorcycle index]

===Acknowledgements===
[[Image:FINISH logo.jpg|none|200px|link=http://finishsociety.org/]]
[[Image:WASTE logo.png|none|150px|link=http://waste.nl/]]
[[Image:Actiam logo.png|none|200px|link=https://www.actiam.nl/en/]]