View source for 水力喷射 — 综述

[[Image:Jetting icon.png|right|80px]]
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Jetting is based on water circulation and water pressure. As opposed to sludging, water is pumped down the drill pipe and the ‘slurry’ (water and cuttings) is transported up the borehole between the drill pipe and the borehole wall. A motor pump is used to achieve an adequate water flow. The drill pipe may simply have an open end, or a drill bit can be added. Partial or full rotation of the drill pipe can be used. Thickeners (additives) can be added to the water in order to prevent hole collapse and reduce loss of working water (drill fluid).水力喷射是基于水循环和水压的一种方法。与生成淤泥相反，水被泵至钻管下方，“泥浆”（水与钻屑）被向上输送至钻管和井壁之间的探孔。运用马达泵来获得适当的水流。钻管可能只有一端有开口，或者可以增加一个钻头。可使用部分或完全转动钻管。可在水中加增稠剂（添加剂），防止洞口塌陷并降低钻井用水（钻井液）的流失。

Jetting is practiced in a wide range of varieties. The most simple consists of driving a plastic pipe down with water pressure from a motor pump (no drill bit and no rotation, with the water flow jetting the sand up). The depth is limited (no drill bit and extendable pipes). Other systems make use of extendable plastic or galvanized pipes and a drill bit and are rotated during drilling. With these systems greater depth can be reached.水力喷射法使用的方式多样。最简易的是利用马达泵制造的水压将塑料管压下（不用钻头或转动，利用水流将沙子喷射上来），但深度有限（无钻头或可伸长的管子）。其它方法利用了可伸长的塑料或电镀管，使用钻头，且在钻井中进行旋转。使用这些方法，可以达到更深的深度。

===适宜条件===
[[Image:Manually rotated jetting.jpg|thumb|right|200px|手动旋转的水力喷射法]]
[[Image:Typical drill bit.jpg|thumb|right|200px|典型钻头]]

Suitable for weakly cohesive sands and silts. Manual jetting is generally used up to depths of 35 meters.适用于粘着力弱的沙和淤泥。手动水力喷射法通常用于最深为35米的深度。


{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
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! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | 优势
! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | 不足
|-
| valign="top" | - Very quick in fine and medium sand formations.在细砂或中粒砂的地质构造中，钻井很快。<br>
| valign="top" | - Generally limited to sandy soils. Soft clay will be penetrated only very slowly and coarse gravel and other highly permeable materials (cracks in the formation) cause loss of working water and cannot be drilled. The borehole stays open by water pressure. To prevent collapsing fluid-drilled boreholes must be kept full of water during the entire drilling and well installation process.通常仅限用于沙质土壤。虽然可以穿透软质黏土，但是速度非常慢，而且粗碎石等透水性强的物质（地质构造中的裂隙）会导致钻井用水流失因而无法钻井。由于有水压，探孔保持敞开。为了防止塌陷，液钻探孔在整个钻井和装井过程中必须保持满水状态。<br>
- A large amount of working water needs to be available on the drilling location (several 200 liter drums/hour). The drilling and well installation needs to be done on the same day. Leaving the borehole open during the night has a high risk of collapsing.<br>
- The use of large quantities of water, the use of drilling fluids to greater depths and a motor pump make the equipment cost relatively high. <br>
|}

===建造、运作与维护===
[[Image:Jetting.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Jetting. Credit: WEDC.]]

All drilling equipment, except the motor pump and some valves, is locally produced.除了马达泵和一些阀门外，所有的钻井设备都由当地生产。

===实地经验===
水力喷射法主要用于尼日尔、乍得、马达加斯加、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、布基纳法索、乌干达、肯尼亚、苏丹、贝宁、斯里兰卡和一些西方国家。

===指南、视频与链接===
* [http://www.unicef.org/malawi/MLW_resources_qualityassureboreholes.pdf CONSULTANCY SERVICES: QUALITY ASSURANCE OF UNICEF DRILLING PROGRAMES FOR BOREHOLES IN MALAWI] UNICEF, 2011. 

* Robert Vuik, [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/drilling%20manuals/EN/Jetting%20manual%20drilling%20PRACTICA%20EN.pdf Jetting: Manual Drilling Series, TECHNICAL TRAINING HANDBOOK ON AFFORDABLE MANUAL WELL DRILLING]. Practica Foundation, June 2010. French version: [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/drilling%20manuals/FR/Jetting%20manual%20drilling%20PRACTICA%20FR.pdf FORAGE AU LANCAGE A L’EAU].

*  [http://www.lifewater.ca/resources.htm Lifewater Resources] on hydrogeology, well construction, all drilling techniques, hand pumps and more. Lifewater Canada, update 2004.

* [http://www.wellspringafrica.org  Manuals] on Percussion drilling, well construction, manufacturing tools. Cliff Missen, Wellspring Africa, draft 4.

* [http://ghanawashproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/36_Conference_Paper_Manual-Drilling_Ghana_Naugle-1.pdf Professionalization of Manual Drilling in Ghana.] Ghana WASH Project, Ghana.

* [http://docs.watsan.net/Scanned_PDF_Files/Class_Code_2_Water/212.5-79WE-7794-1.pdf Wells Construction: Hand dug and Hand drilled.] Richard Brush, Peace Corps 1980.

* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5567E/x5567e00.HTM Self-help wells.] R.G. Koegel, FAO 1985.

* [http://www.worldcat.org/title/shallow-wells/oclc/008463099 Shallow Wells.]  DHV Consulting Engineers, 1978.

* [http://www.watersanitationhygiene.org/References/EH_KEY_REFERENCES/WATER/Drilling/Hand%20Drilled%20Boreholes/Human%20Powered%20Drilling%20%28Cranfield%20University%29.pdf Human-Powered Drilling Technologies.] Richard Carter, Cranfield University, 2005.

* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/148 Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps.] Peter Wurzel, SKAT Switzerland, 2001 - A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development.

* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7314e/w7314e0v.htm Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa.] M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques.

* [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf Technical note 43. Simple drilling methods.] Bob Elson and Rod Shaw, WEDC.

* [http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/Wat_e.pdf A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series.] UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementation.

* [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/technology_notes_2011.pdf Technology notes, section 7; Tube wells and boreholes.] WaterAid - An overview of human-powered drilling technologies.

* [http://www.lifewater.org/resources/rws2/rws2d3.pdf Water for the World, Technical note series rws 2: Designing Jetted Wells.] USAID 1982 - Developing  groundwater and manual drilling techniques.

* [http://www.enterpriseworks.org/display.cfm?id=5&sub=23&cont=60 Understanding low-cost Well Drilling.] Stephen Greenwood, Technical paper 61, VITA - Manuals on well-drilling.

* Lots of articles on [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling/well-jetting-washboring-or-hand-turning Jetting.] Rural Water Supply Network.

* [http://www.pat-drill.com PAT-Drill] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.

* [http://www.lonestarbit.com Lone Star Bit] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.

* [http://www.deeprock.com Deep Rock] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines. 

* [http://www.drillingfab.com Drillingfab.] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines.

===鸣谢===
* [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf 43. 简易钻井方法.] WEDC.