[[Image:sludge1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[http://sanitationupdates.wordpress.com/2013/05/13/sri-lanka-new-partnership-tackles-fecal-sludge-management/ Sri Lanka: new partnership tackles fecal sludge management]. Photo: USAID]]
[[Image:sludge system.png|thumb|right|200px|BioTopp small-scale sewage plant with sludge settling system. (© Ökoservice), [http://www.bio-pro.de/standort/unternehmen_bw/index.html?lang=en&artikelid=/artikel/02768/index.html Bio-pro.de]]]
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Sewer and/or latrine construction is not enough to control the public health and environmental hazards of excreta. Latrine and septic/interceptor tank contents are collectively referred to as '''fecal sludge''' and require attention before their emptying and release to the environment. In addition to the “usual” sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants, the collection treatment and disposal of sludge from on-site sanitation systems must also be considered.
Integrated sanitation planning also implies a need to look at cross-sectoral issues. In addition to the need to improve systems for excreta disposal, there is often a parallel need to improve systems for drainage and greywater disposal: many low-income communities are in low-lying areas that are prone to flooding, and problematic to serve because of high housing densities. A key question for integrated sanitation planning is whether it is more cost effective to design and install systems that have multiple functions, or to adapt separate systems for different types of waste management.
[[File:sludge graph.png|thumb|none|550px|Schematic summarising main options for FSM. Graph: [http://www.wsup.com/news/documents/FSM-in-UrbSanPlanning-WSUP-IWA-Discussion-Paper-for-AfricaSan3_000.pdf WSUP]]]
[[File:waste elim.png|thumb|none|550px|The Uniloo toilet and associated service model currently being developed by WSUP and Unilever. A key goal of the ongoing piloting is to access the extent to which this model can be market-driven along the length of the chain. Photo: [http://www.wsup.com/news/documents/FSM-in-UrbSanPlanning-WSUP-IWA-Discussion-Paper-for-AfricaSan3_000.pdf WSUP]]]
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