Changes

sys3=[[Pour Flush Pit System with Twin Pitswithout Sludge Production|3]]|

sys5=[[Biogas System|5]]|sys6=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys6sys7=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys7sys8=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys8sys9=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|sys9=9]]|

Output1=- None |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=

 '''Treated effluent and/or stormwater can be directly discharged directly into receiving water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, etc.) or into the ground to recharge aquifers.'''

The use of the surface water body, whether it is for industry, recreation, spawning habitat, etc., will influence the quality and quantity of treated wastewater that can be introduced without deleterious effects. Alternatively, water can be discharged into aquifers. Groundwater recharge is increasing in popularity as groundwater resources deplete and as saltwater intrusionbecomes a greater threat to coastal communities. Although the soil is known to act as a filter for a variety of contaminants, groundwater recharge should not be viewed as a treatment method. Once an aquifer is contaminated, it is next to impossible to reclaim it. ===Design Considerations=== It is necessary to ensure that the assimilation capacity of the receiving water body is not exceeded, i.e. that the receiving body can accept the quantity of nutrients without being overloaded. Parameters such as turbidity, temperature, suspended solids, BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus (among others) should be carefully controlled and monitored before releasing any water into a natural body. The use of Local authorities should be consulted to determine the discharge limits for the water bodyrelevant parameters as they can widely vary. For especially sensitive areas, whether it is used for industrya post-treatment technology (e.g., recreationchlorination, spawning habitatsee POST, etcp., will influence the quality and quantity of treated wastewater that can 136) may be introduced without deleterious effectsrequired to meet microbiological limits.

Local authorities should be consulted to determine the discharge limits for the relevant parameters as they can vary widely. For especially sensitive areas, chlorination may be required to meet microbiological limits. Alternatively, water can be discharged into aquifers. Groundwater recharge is increasing in popularity as groundwater resources deplete and as saltwater intrusion becomes a greater threat to coastal communities. Although the soil is known to act as a filter for a variety of contaminants, groundwater recharge should not be viewed as a treatment method. Once an aquifer is contaminated, it is next to impossible to reclaim it. The quality of water extracted from a recharge recharged aquifer is a function of the quality of the wastewater introduced, the method of recharge, the characteristics of the aquifer, the residence time, the amount of blending with other waters and the history of the system. Careful analysis of these factors should precede any recharge project.

- May provide a ‘drought-proof’ water supply (from groundwater). <br> - May increase productivity of water-bodies by maintaining constant levels. | con=- Discharge of nutrients and micropollutants may affect natural water bodies and/or drinking water. <br> - Introduction of pollutants may have long-term impacts. <br> - R May negatively affect soil and groundwater properties.

===AdequacyAppropriateness=== The adequacy of discharge into a water body or aquifer will entirely depend entirely on the local environmental conditions and legal regulations. Generally, discharge to a water body is only appropriate when there is a safe distance between the discharge point and the next closest point of use. Similarly, groundwater recharge is most appropriate for areas that are at risk from salt water of saltwater intrusion or aquifers that have a long retention time. Depending on the volume, the point of discharge and/or the quality of the water, a permit may be required.

===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Generally, cations (Mg2+, K+, NH4 +) and organic matter will be retained within a solid matrix, while other contaminants (such as nitrates) will remain in the water. There are numerous models for the remediation potential of contaminants and microorganisms, but predicting downstream, or extracted water quality for a large suite of parameters is rarely feasible. Therefore, potable and non-potable nonpotable water sources should be clearly identified, the most important parameters modelled and a risk assessment completed. ===Maintenance===

<br>===References and external links=== * ARGOSS (2001). Guidelines for assessing Assessing the risk Risk to groundwater Groundwater from on-site sanitationSite Sanitation. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, CR/01/142, Keyworth, UK. :Availableat: [http://www.worldbankbgs.ac.uk bgs.ac.orguk]

* Seiler, KPK. P. and Gat, JRJ. R. (2007). Groundwater Recharge from Run-offRunoff, Infiltration and Percolation. Springer, The NetherlandsDordrecht,NL.

* Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, FLF. L. and Stensel, HDH. D. (20032004). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, 4th Edition. Metcalf & Eddy, 4th Ed. (Internat. Ed.). McGraw-Hill, New York, US.

* WHO (2006). Guidelines for the safe use Safe Use of wastewaterWastewater, excreta Excreta and greywater- Greywater. Volume 3: Wastewater and excreta use Excreta Use in aquacultureAquaculture. WHOWorld Health Organization, Geneva, CH.:Available at: [http://www.who.int who.int]