Difference between revisions of "Budidaya Kelapa Sawit Berkelanjutan / Cara penyimpanan dan penyemprotan chemis"

Revision as of 11:42, 24 December 2017

Unduh: Modul 3: Pemeliharaan Perkebunan

Menggunakan alat semprot panggul (knapsack) ^{1, 2}

Gambar 7: Penggunaan pakaian pelindung yang layak untuk kegiatan penyemprotan herbisida (namun sarung tangan kiri tidak dipakai).

Gambar 8: Alat semprot panggul yang biasa digunakan (diadaptasi dari ²)

Alat semprot panggul yang umumnya digunakan adalah yang biasa disebut ‘alat semprot panggul dengan sistem tuas’ (lihat Gambar 8). Saat menggunakan alat semprot panggul, pastikan untuk mengikuti langkah-langkah berikut ini:

Menyemprotkan herbisida

Figure 9: Overview of how to spray herbicides

Herbisida umumnya dijual dalam bentuk cairan atau bubuk. Herbisida cair umumnya dicampur dengan perbandingan 0.5, 1 atau 2 persen, yang artinya 5,10, atau 20 ml per liter air.

Always prepare herbicide solution according to the instructions on the package. Ask others for help if you are not sure how to do it. Before getting started, make sure that the sprayer is properly calibrated so that it is clear how much water comes out of the sprayer every minute.

Prepare the sprayer and do the spraying following these steps (see Figure 9):

Common herbicides in oil palm

Figure 10: The mode of action of contact herbicides (left) and systemic herbicides (right). A contact herbicide kills the leaves it covers but is not transported into the stem or roots. Systemic herbicides are transported into the stem and roots and kill the entire plant.

Mode of action of common herbicides

Herbicides are often divided into two groups: contact herbicides and systemic herbicides. These groups differ in their mode of action (see Figure 10). Contact herbicides are toxic to the plant where they touch it. The most well-known contact herbicide is paraquat. Systemic herbicides move into the plant and are transported to the stem, roots, and other leaves. The most well-known systemic herbicide is glyphosate. For an overview of the most common herbicides used in oil palm plantations, see Table 1. Glyphosate, paraquat and triclopyr are discussed in more detail below.

Table 1: Some contact and systemic herbicides and their common brand names

Glyphosate ³

Figure 11: Glyphosate of a local Indonesian brand

The most well-known trade name of glyphosate is ‘Roundup’. Glyphosate can be used to kill a wide range of weeds. It is a ‘systemic herbicide’ so it is taken up through the leaves of the weeds and transported through the plant (see Figure 10). Glyphosate becomes inactive in the soil, so it is not taken up through the roots. It is rainfast within 1–4 hours after spraying.

Glyphosate should be handled with care:

• It is slightly toxic to humans and animals
• It is harmful for the eyes

Always wear proper protective clothing including safety glasses when mixing and spraying glyphosate, and make sure all body parts apart from the head are fully covered

Glyphosate will not damage the palms unless sprayed directly onto the leaves or used carelessly and in excessive quantities

Gramoxone ⁴

The active ingredient of gramoxone is paraquat. Paraquat can be used to kill many different types of weeds, including grasses. It is a ‘contact herbicide’: it works through direct contact with the leaves of the weeds and is not taken up into the plant. Paraquat becomes inactive in the soil. It is rainfast within half an hour after spraying.

Paraquat should be handled with great care:

• It is highly toxic to humans and animals
• Undiluted paraquat is deadly when swallowed
• It is toxic when inhaled
• It is harmful for the eyes
• It can also irritate the skin

When mixing and spraying paraquat use full protective clothing including face mask, safety glasses and rubber gloves, and make sure that all body parts apart from the head are fully covered. Undiluted paraquat should be handled with extra care.

Paraquat will not damage the palms unless sprayed directly onto the leaves or used carelessly or in too large quantities.

Controlling woody weeds: Garlon, Release, or similar ^{5, 6}

Figure 12: Garlon

The active ingredient of these herbicides is triclopyr ⁶. The most commonly used brand in oil palm plantations is ‘Garlon’ (see Figure 12). Herbicides with triclopyr kill woody weeds and most other weeds, but not grasses such as Imperata cylindrica (alang-alang). Triclopyr is a ‘systemic herbicide’: it is taken up through the leaves or through wounds in the bark. It becomes inactive in the soil and it is rainfast within 2—4 hours after spraying.

Herbicides with triclopyr should be handled with care:

• Triclopyr is slightly toxic to humans and animals
• It is harmful for the eyes
• It can irritate the skin
• It is highly toxic to fish and should never be sprayed in or next to waterways

When mixing and spraying triclopyr always wear proper protective clothing. Make sure all body parts apart from the head are fully covered.

Triclopyr is expensive, so use it only when necessary, and with care. Triclopyr will not damage the palms unless it is sprayed directly onto the leaves or used carelessly or in excessive quantities.

References

1. ↑ P. Griffee, P. Diemer, C. Chinchilla, Smallholder Oil Palm Manual, in, FAO, Rome, Italy, 2004.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} Stewardship Community, 2008, Knapsack spraying: best practices, http://www.stewardshipcommunity.com/best-spraying-practices/knapsack-spraying/knapsack-spraying-best-practice.html, Accessed September 2013.
3. ↑ ExToxNet, 1994, Glyphosate, Extension Toxicology Network, http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/dienochlor-glyphosate/glyphosate-ext.html, Accessed September 2013.
4. ↑ ExToxNet, 1993, Paraquat, Extension Toxicology Network, http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/metiram-propoxur/paraquat-ext.html, Accessed September 2013.
5. ↑ C. Cox, Herbicide factsheet: triclopyr, Journal of Pesticide Reform, 20 (2000) 12—19.
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1} Dow Agro, Tips & Training: Applications, The Dow Chemical Company, http://www.dowagro.com/vm/application/applications.htm, Accessed September 2013.

Acknowledgements

The material from Storing and spraying chemicals is sourced from Smallholder Oil Palm Handbook and put together by Lotte Suzanne Woittiez (Wageningen Universit) and Haryono Sadikin, Sri Turhina, Hidayat Dani, Tri Purba Dukan, and Hans Smit (SNV) in August 2016. See Module 3: Plantation Maintenance for more information.