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Natural ground catchment and Open water reservoir

432 bytes added, 22:16, 25 April 2012

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|heading1=Drought

|text1='''Effects of drought''': Tend to dry up quickly, especially if unlined; Conflict over water for animals. <br>'''Underlying causes of effects''': Lack of rainfall; High evaporation rates; High seepage rates through base of pond and through dam; Storage not sufficient for demand – silting up of ponds due to high silt load, high level of work in constructing ponds. <br> '''To increase resiliency of WASH system''': Reduce evaporation & seepage; Follow proper construction methods; Reduce siltation so there can be more volume capacity; Promote private ownership of ponds, so that de-silting process more likely; Improve access to low-cost loans with long-time repayment conditions so that farmers can replicate technology; Phased construction until capacity is sufficient for water demand.

|heading2=Drought effects on cement

|text2='''Effects of drought''': Badly made concrete or cracked linings (e.g. in tanks, dams, waterways, wells, and other structures). <br>'''Underlying causes of effects''': Less water used for curing; Impure water used for mixing. <br>'''To increase resiliency of WASH system''': Ensure adequate mixing, ratios, purity of ingredients; Minimize water content in mixture; Ensure adequate curing.

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* Base of the pond should be impermeable, e.g. unfissured rock or clay, to save costs and prevent having to find a form of lining.

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