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Created page with "link=http://www.snv.org/ link=http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/wageningen-university.htm Image:oi..."
[[Image:SNV logo.png|right|100px|link=http://www.snv.org/]]
[[Image:wageningen small.png|right|100px|link=http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/wageningen-university.htm]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure6.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 6: Healthy oil palm leaf]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure7.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 7: Immature palm with N deficiency symptoms]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure8.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 8: Palms with tapered trunks]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure9.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 9: Melastoma malabathricum growing under an oil palm]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure10.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 10: Potassium deficiency symptoms]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure11.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 11: White stripe]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure12.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 12: Magnesium deficiency]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure13.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 13: Boron deficiency – crinkled leaf]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure14.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 14: Boron deficiency – hooked leaf]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure15.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 15: Boron deficiency – blind leaf]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure16.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 16: ‘Peat yellows’, a sign of copper or zinc deficiency]]
Download: [http://intothefield.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Module-4-3rd-edition-2016-08.pdf Module 4: Fertiliser Application]
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
===Background===
A healthy oil palm leaf is dark green, strong and flexible. In fully mature palms (more than 10 years after planting) the leaf is 5—8 m long and has leaflets up to 1.20 m long (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure6.png Figure 6]).
Nutrient deficiency symptoms in oil palms can occur as a result of the following:
* Not enough nutrients are applied;
* Nutrients are applied in the wrong way;
* Nutrients do not reach the palms because of the conditions in the plantation (e.g. waterlogging, soil erosion, or competition with weeds).
What follows is a description of the key types of nutrient deficiencies and their symptoms in oil palms.
<br>
===Nitrogen (N) deficiency===
* Leaflets turn an overall light green or yellow colour, starting in the older leaves (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure7.png Figure 7]).
* In severe cases, leaflets may curl up and die, starting at the tip and edges.
* Also in severe cases, the rachis and the midribs of the leaflets turn bright yellow or orange <ref name="general nutrition">K.J. Goh, R. Hardter, General Oil Palm Nutrition, (2003).</ref> <sup>,</sup> <ref name="field handbook3>I.R. Rankine, T.H. Fairhurst, Field Handbook: Oil Palm Series, Volume 3 – Mature, second ed., Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI), Singapore, 1999.</ref> (see [http://intothefield.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Module-3.pdf Module 3: Plantation Maintenance] for an explanation of these terms). This type of yellowing often happens when palms are in low-lying areas or swamps that are flooded during part of the year and have a high water table.
* Weeds under the palms sometimes also show a pale green or yellow colour.
<br>
===Phosphorus (P) deficiency===
* P deficiency does not tend to show up clearly in oil palm leaves although in some cases the leaves may be shorter (‘stunted’) and bunches smaller.
* Trunks have a pyramid-shape (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure8.png Figure 8]) which is wider at the bottom and much thinner at the top.
* P deficiency can show in the weeds by:
:: - The presence of ''Melastoma malabathricum'' and/or ''Dicranopteris linearis'' (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure9.png Figure 9]);
:: - The presence of ''Imperata cylindrica'' with purple-coloured leaves;
:: - Poor growth of legume cover crops <ref name="field handbook3"/> (which need a lot of phosphorus).
<br>
===Potassium (K) deficiency===
* Yellow or orange spots with irregular shapes appear on the leaves, starting in the older leaves. If the leaves are held up to the sun, the light shines through the spots (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure10.png Figure 10]).
* Later, the spots turn orange and grow until they fuse together.
* In severe cases, K deficiency shows as an overall yellowing of the older leaves (especially on acid sands or peat soils) giving the appearance of the whole crown turning yellow.
* ‘White stripe’, a straight white line on both sides of the mid-ribs of the leaflet, sometimes is a sign of too much N and not enough K and B <ref name="general nutrition/> <sup>,</sup> <ref name="field handbook3"/> (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure11.png Figure 11]), although this may also be genetic.
<br>
===Magnesium (Mg) deficiency===
* Leaflets on older leaves that are in direct sunlight get an even olive green to orange/yellow colour, starting at the tip of the leaflet;
* Typically only leaflets in full sunlight turn yellow, but not the shaded leaflets and young leaves (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure12.png Figure 12]);
* In severe cases, the leaflets become bright yellow and die, starting at the edge and tip of the leaflets <ref name="general nutrition/> <sup>,</sup> <ref name="field handbook3"/>.
<br>
<br>
<br>
===Boron (B) deficiency===
* Leaves are crinkled and dark green (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure13.png Figure 13]);
* Leaflet tips sometimes fold sharply (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure14.png Figure 14]);
* New fronds get shorter and shorter so the top of the palm crown appears flattened <ref name="field handbook3"/>;
* Sometimes the tip of the leaf is completely missing (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure15.png Figure 15]).
<br>
<br>
<br>
===Copper and zinc deficiency===
Copper and zinc deficiencies are to be expected in peat soils only. It is very rare to find deficiencies in mineral soils.
* The youngest leaves become yellow at the tips of the leaflets, but the mid-ribs stay green;
* In severe cases, the leaflets die off from the tips inward (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure16.png Figure 16]);
* New fronds become shorter and shorter.
<br>
<br>
<br>
===References===
<references/>
===Acknowledgements===
The material from ''Nutrient deficiency symptoms'' is sourced from Smallholder Oil Palm Handbook and put together by Lotte Suzanne Woittiez ([http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/wageningen-university.htm Wageningen Universit]) and Haryono Sadikin, Sri Turhina, Hidayat Dani, Tri Purba Dukan, and Hans Smit ([http://www.snv.org/ SNV]) in August 2016. See [http://intothefield.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Module-4-3rd-edition-2016-08.pdf Module 4: Fertiliser Application] for more information.
<br>
[[Image:SNV logo.png|left|80px|link=http://www.snv.org/]]
[[Image:wageningen university logo.png|left|350px|link=http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/wageningen-university.htm]]
[[Image:wageningen small.png|right|100px|link=http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/wageningen-university.htm]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure6.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 6: Healthy oil palm leaf]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure7.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 7: Immature palm with N deficiency symptoms]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure8.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 8: Palms with tapered trunks]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure9.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 9: Melastoma malabathricum growing under an oil palm]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure10.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 10: Potassium deficiency symptoms]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure11.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 11: White stripe]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure12.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 12: Magnesium deficiency]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure13.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 13: Boron deficiency – crinkled leaf]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure14.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 14: Boron deficiency – hooked leaf]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure15.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 15: Boron deficiency – blind leaf]]
[[Image:oil-palm-4.4-figure16.png|thumb|right|200px|Figure 16: ‘Peat yellows’, a sign of copper or zinc deficiency]]
Download: [http://intothefield.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Module-4-3rd-edition-2016-08.pdf Module 4: Fertiliser Application]
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
===Background===
A healthy oil palm leaf is dark green, strong and flexible. In fully mature palms (more than 10 years after planting) the leaf is 5—8 m long and has leaflets up to 1.20 m long (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure6.png Figure 6]).
Nutrient deficiency symptoms in oil palms can occur as a result of the following:
* Not enough nutrients are applied;
* Nutrients are applied in the wrong way;
* Nutrients do not reach the palms because of the conditions in the plantation (e.g. waterlogging, soil erosion, or competition with weeds).
What follows is a description of the key types of nutrient deficiencies and their symptoms in oil palms.
<br>
===Nitrogen (N) deficiency===
* Leaflets turn an overall light green or yellow colour, starting in the older leaves (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure7.png Figure 7]).
* In severe cases, leaflets may curl up and die, starting at the tip and edges.
* Also in severe cases, the rachis and the midribs of the leaflets turn bright yellow or orange <ref name="general nutrition">K.J. Goh, R. Hardter, General Oil Palm Nutrition, (2003).</ref> <sup>,</sup> <ref name="field handbook3>I.R. Rankine, T.H. Fairhurst, Field Handbook: Oil Palm Series, Volume 3 – Mature, second ed., Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI), Singapore, 1999.</ref> (see [http://intothefield.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Module-3.pdf Module 3: Plantation Maintenance] for an explanation of these terms). This type of yellowing often happens when palms are in low-lying areas or swamps that are flooded during part of the year and have a high water table.
* Weeds under the palms sometimes also show a pale green or yellow colour.
<br>
===Phosphorus (P) deficiency===
* P deficiency does not tend to show up clearly in oil palm leaves although in some cases the leaves may be shorter (‘stunted’) and bunches smaller.
* Trunks have a pyramid-shape (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure8.png Figure 8]) which is wider at the bottom and much thinner at the top.
* P deficiency can show in the weeds by:
:: - The presence of ''Melastoma malabathricum'' and/or ''Dicranopteris linearis'' (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure9.png Figure 9]);
:: - The presence of ''Imperata cylindrica'' with purple-coloured leaves;
:: - Poor growth of legume cover crops <ref name="field handbook3"/> (which need a lot of phosphorus).
<br>
===Potassium (K) deficiency===
* Yellow or orange spots with irregular shapes appear on the leaves, starting in the older leaves. If the leaves are held up to the sun, the light shines through the spots (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure10.png Figure 10]).
* Later, the spots turn orange and grow until they fuse together.
* In severe cases, K deficiency shows as an overall yellowing of the older leaves (especially on acid sands or peat soils) giving the appearance of the whole crown turning yellow.
* ‘White stripe’, a straight white line on both sides of the mid-ribs of the leaflet, sometimes is a sign of too much N and not enough K and B <ref name="general nutrition/> <sup>,</sup> <ref name="field handbook3"/> (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure11.png Figure 11]), although this may also be genetic.
<br>
===Magnesium (Mg) deficiency===
* Leaflets on older leaves that are in direct sunlight get an even olive green to orange/yellow colour, starting at the tip of the leaflet;
* Typically only leaflets in full sunlight turn yellow, but not the shaded leaflets and young leaves (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure12.png Figure 12]);
* In severe cases, the leaflets become bright yellow and die, starting at the edge and tip of the leaflets <ref name="general nutrition/> <sup>,</sup> <ref name="field handbook3"/>.
<br>
<br>
<br>
===Boron (B) deficiency===
* Leaves are crinkled and dark green (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure13.png Figure 13]);
* Leaflet tips sometimes fold sharply (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure14.png Figure 14]);
* New fronds get shorter and shorter so the top of the palm crown appears flattened <ref name="field handbook3"/>;
* Sometimes the tip of the leaf is completely missing (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure15.png Figure 15]).
<br>
<br>
<br>
===Copper and zinc deficiency===
Copper and zinc deficiencies are to be expected in peat soils only. It is very rare to find deficiencies in mineral soils.
* The youngest leaves become yellow at the tips of the leaflets, but the mid-ribs stay green;
* In severe cases, the leaflets die off from the tips inward (see [http://akvopedia.org/sandbox/File:Oil-palm-4.4-figure16.png Figure 16]);
* New fronds become shorter and shorter.
<br>
<br>
<br>
===References===
<references/>
===Acknowledgements===
The material from ''Nutrient deficiency symptoms'' is sourced from Smallholder Oil Palm Handbook and put together by Lotte Suzanne Woittiez ([http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/wageningen-university.htm Wageningen Universit]) and Haryono Sadikin, Sri Turhina, Hidayat Dani, Tri Purba Dukan, and Hans Smit ([http://www.snv.org/ SNV]) in August 2016. See [http://intothefield.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Module-4-3rd-edition-2016-08.pdf Module 4: Fertiliser Application] for more information.
<br>
[[Image:SNV logo.png|left|80px|link=http://www.snv.org/]]
[[Image:wageningen university logo.png|left|350px|link=http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/wageningen-university.htm]]