*Clearly defined roles and accountabilities as well as appropriate support and training are essential for the management of O&M services.<br/>
*Institutional responsibilities as well as effective mechanisms for cost recovery are needed to ensure sustainable O&M.<br/>
=== 1. Introduction ===
[[File:Wg10 workers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Figure 1: Two staff members from a service provider are emptying the faeces vaults of household UDDTs in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (source: S. Tapsoba, 2009)]]The maximum benefits of sanitation facilities will only be achieved, when the sanitation facilities operate continuously and at full capacity in compliance with acceptable standards of quantity and quality. Therefore, O&M tasks must be carried out effectively and efficiently. However, issues related to O&M services are often neglected in the design and set-up of sanitation systems, and thus non-functioning O&M services are a widespread challenge in particular in developing countries and countries in transition.
Reasons for non-functioning O&M services include lack of ownership or delegated responsibility for O&M, lack of skilled labour, high operating costs, excessive repair and replacement expenses. Additionally, the technical options chosen are not always the best suited to the local environment in which they shall be operated. Other reasons are closely related to the set-up of projects, which often focus only on construction of hardware instead of management components because hardware installations can be implemented faster and with fewer complications than management systems. Consultation with the local stakeholders and users regarding the most appropriate system for the local conditions often does not take place adequately. In most cases where the provision of sanitation services have failed, the root causes have been poor management, lack of planning, and failure to generate sufficient revenue to operate and maintain systems (Bräustetter, 2007).
=== 2. What is O&M? ===
''Operation ''refers to the daily activities of running and handling infrastructure (Sohail, 2001). In the sanitation context, operation additionally includes the planning, control and performance of the collection, treatment and disposal or reuse of the excreta or wastewater flows. ''Maintenance ''on the other hand involves the activities required to sustain existing assets in a serviceable condition (WHO, 2000) and includes three types:
*''Preventive maintenance'': Systematic routine actions needed to keep the installations and equipment in a condition that will ensure they can be operated satisfactorily, function efficiently and continuously, and last as long as possible at lowest cost.
*''Crisis maintenance'': Maintenance which is undertaken only in response to breakdowns or public complaints.
=== 3. Every technology needs O&M ===
[[File:Wg10 schema.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Figure 2: Representation of the five functional groups of a sanitation system. Each functional group requires O&M that must be planned for and linked to a clearly defined responsible party (source: J. Wijkmark, VERNA).]] It can generally be presumed that increased levels of complexity of a sanitation system will also increase the demand for O&M. For example, the addition of pumps and other technical devices will increase the need for regular skilled maintenance and parts replacement. However, the most important issue to keep in mind is that the whole sanitation system needs to be taken into account. O&M must be considered at each functional step from the user interface to the final reuse or disposal of the sanitation products.
The selection of technical designs and supporting institutional structures must always be matched to local conditions, both with respect to technical and socio-economic feasibility, and the management capacities and willingness of users and service providers (IRC, 1997).
=== 4. Funding of O&M ===
Sustainable O&M requires planning and budgeting to carry out the necessary tasks. Decisions on who should fund sanitation O&M and how, receives far less attention than design and construction activities (Sohail, 2001).
Traditionally, municipalities and utilities are responsible for the O&M of centralized wastewater treatment systems but research in the 1990s in India and Thailand (IRC, 1997) has already pointed out that municipal budgets often fail to earmark funds for O&M of sanitation systems. Funding for day-to-day operation and basic maintenance (i.e. hiring a caretaker) can be sustainably sourced through revenue generating activities, as shown in the examples below. However, crisis maintenance and large scale repairs may require substantial funding beyond day-to-day turnover and can place high demands on limited budgets. Funds are not always readily available for this, in which case, microfinance institutions may be used to enable access to credit.
=== 5. Responsibilities for O&M ===
For a well working sanitation system it is important to clarify and agree on roles and responsibilities already during the planning stage. During planning and design, division of responsibilities and definition of tasks and accountability require ample consideration and agreement between stakeholders. Creating conditions, in which responsibilities can be implemented as intended, may require awareness raising, motivation and incentives both for the agencies and the users (IRC, 1997). Furthermore, there are more stakeholders in the sanitation system beyond the municipality. Small scale providers, communities and households also play an important role in O&M. The choice of the management model is influenced by several framework conditions like capacity of community organizations, community skills, capacity of the private sector, etc. (Brikké, 2000).
In larger towns a town-wide management system may be installed for the overall coordination. In Vienna (Austria) for example, a municipal department is responsible for O&M of the sewer system while a holding company operates the central treatment plant through a mandate from the municipality. Decentralised systems on the other hand may have localised daily operations but should be monitored by higher level institutions. For example a school sanitation system may be managed by the school management but monitored by a national authority.
=== 6. Development of service chains in practice ===
[[File:Wg10 business.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Figure 3: Public toilet with water kiosk in Kenya. In front is the water kiosk that functions as an operator room. Customers pay at the side window, where the two people are standing (source: C. Rieck, 2008)]]The [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/939 factsheet], which this article is based on, gives 6 examples for the set-up for O&M for small-scale sanitation systems to demonstrate, how O&M can be organized in different ways. The examples are:
*The Kalungu Girls Secondary School (Uganda)
*Sustainable sanitation in Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia)
===7. Conclusion ===
The attention given to O&M of sanitation systems especially in developing and transition countries is usually little or no attention compared to the design and construction phases. The result of this is poor or non-functioning sanitation systems which pollute the environment and affect people’s health. This situation has been attributed to several reasons which includes among others: lack of ownership and skilled labour, high maintenance cost, and unsuitable technical options due to lack of consultation with the local stakeholders and users.
It is therefore important that O&M of sanitation systems is considered holistically during sanitation planning, designing, implementing and managing with clearly laid down tasks and responsibilities divided among the stakeholders along the whole sanitation chain. In doing this, it is equally important to allocate separate financial resources for routine O&M on sanitation systems. These financial resources must be explicitly determined from the planning stage and can be sustainably sourced through direct or indirect revenue generating activities.
=== 8. Acknowledgements ===
SuSanA factsheet: Operation and maintenance of sustainable sanitation systems. April 2012. [http://susana.org susana.org]
[[File:Susana logo.png|none|150px|alt=Susana logo.png|link=http://susana.org]]