[[Image:Contour_Trench_hill.JPG{{Language-box|thumbenglish_link=Water Portal / Rainwater Harvesting / Groundwater recharge / Contour trenches | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Trincheras de contorno | hindi_link= वाटर पोर्टल / वर्षाजल संचयन / भूजल पुनर्भरण / समोच्च-कंटूर खत्तियाँ | malayalam_link= Coming soon | tamil_link= Coming soon |rightkorean_link= Coming soon |300pxchinese_link=等高沟 | Contour trenches on a hillside.]]At its simplest, contour trench construction is an extension of the practice of plowing fields at a right angle to the slope. Contour trenches are ditches dug along a hillside in such a way that they follow a contour and run perpendicular to the flow of water. The soil excavated from the ditch is used to form a berm (a narrow shelf) on the downhill edge of the ditch. The berm can be planted with permanent vegetation (native grasses, legumes) to stabilize the soil and for the roots and foliage in order to trap any sediment that would overflow from the trench in heavy rainfall events.indonesian_link= Parit kontur | japanese_link= 水のポータル サイト / 雨水貯留 / 地下水涵養 / 等高線濠}}
[[Image:contour trch icon.png|right|80px]][[Image:contour_trench.JPG|thumb|right|200px| Contour trench under construction and measuring contours with hose pipes. Photo: WTC.]]At its simplest, '''contour trench''' construction is an extension of the practice of plowing fields at a right angle to the slope. Contour trenches are not irrigation channels, rather ditches dug along a hillside in such a way that they are follow a contour and run perpendicular to the flow of water. The soil excavated from the ditch is used to slow down and attract runoff water, which then infiltrates into form a berm (a narrow shelf) on the downhill edge of the soilditch. Small scale contour trenches The berm can also be used within field levelplanted with permanent vegetation (native grasses, legumes) to stabilize the soil and for the roots and foliage in order to trap any sediment that would overflow from the trench in heavy rainfall events.
Contour trenches are not irrigation channels, rather they are used to slow down and attract runoff water, which then infiltrates into the soil. Small scale contour trenches can also be used within field level. The water that infiltrates can be used as soil moisture for crops cultivated after a rainfall event, directly for pumped irrigation, or extracted from shallow wells in the area. ===Suitable conditions===
* Locate trenches in natural runoff areas, but not on slopes over 10%.
* Soil in vicinity needs to have sufficient infiltration capacity and potential sub-surface storage capacity.
* In areas which have very heavy storms it may be dangerous to prevent the water completely from flowing down a slope. Build waterways or drains at a slight angle (1⁄2 degrees degree - 1 degreesdegree) so that excess water is safely channeled away.
{{procontable | proborder="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|-! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages|-| valign="top" | - Facilitates recharge into surrounding ground which in turn improves soil moisture <br>
- Improves agricultural productivity and grazing potential as well as increases water for livestock and therefore mitigates against drought <br> - Reduces soil erosion <br>
- Can assist recharge of shallow wells <br>
- Can reduce salinity in groundwater <br>
- Prevents pollutants from draining into water bodies <br>
- Gully plugs: no trench design required, just uses existing gully drainage pattern <br>
| convalign= "top" | - Recharge of groundwater is not certain according to local sub-surface conditions (geological layers blocking infiltration) <br>
- Trenches silt up and will need maintenance <br>
- Lack of understanding by landowners about advantages of contour trenches; difficult to convince them during the first year to give their land for trench construction <br>
- Costly and in-depth analysis of hydrology/runoff gullies <br>
- Recharge capacity/permeability information is needed, which is difficult to get if no in-depth rainfall data is available <br>
- Expensive cost of implementation where mechanical excavating machinery is used<br>}|}
===Resilience to changes in the environment=======Drought===='''Effects of drought''': Lower crop yields. <br>'''Underlying causes of effects''': Water levels reduce; Less recharge to aquifers & crops.<br>'''To increase resiliency of WASH system''': Diversify livelihoods of farmers. More information on managing drought: [[Resilient WASH systems in drought-prone areas]]. ====Floods====Contour trenches specifically help control flooding and capture water from floods. If rain event is expected to be massive, plant vegetation along the outer edge of the contour to stabilise the trenches and prevent erosion. ===Construction, operations and maintenance===[[Image:Contour_Trench.JPG|thumb|right|350px200px|An example of contour trench in Kitenden, Vietnam. <br> Source: Westerveld Conservation Trust]]
In order to efficiently capture runoff in a catchment through appropriately sized trenches, the following information and analysis is needed:
* Catchment area, gathered from topographical maps
* Once area, rainfall data, and soil data are collected, then total trench capacity can be determined. The runoff volume minus what would infiltrate in the trenches during the rainfall event would be the trench capacity.
* Trench dimension and spacing in the catchment can now be calculated. This has to be checked with local preferences and adjusted accordingly. Trenches in Vietnam were originally designed as rectangular trenches 4m wide by 1m deep, but modified according to requests from local people to trapezoidal trenches 2.5m wide at top and 1m wide at base and 0.75m deep. Trenches should also be over-dimensioned (exaggerated) to allow long-term runoff volume to be stored despite a lack of maintenance – things like siltation and erosion of the banks will reduce infiltration capacity and volume over time.
* It seems wise to pilot contour trenches in an area before scaling up. ====Digging the trenches==== * Trenches are dug in line with topographical contours. Ploughing is not recommended as it induces evaporation.
* Constructing trenches primarily to favour plant growth and increase agricultural productivity (as was the case in Vietnam) rather than just as a means to increase groundwater levels, seems to be a good approach because there can be increased interest to ensure operation & maintenance of the trenches (in Vietnam, people wanted to establish a group of landowners to take care of the structures in order to ensure continued crop yields. The knock-on effects on shallow groundwater levels are thereby made sustainable since the primary concern for people was an economic one.)
* Excavated soil can be used to fill up existing gullies.
* Trenches can be connected to the wall of a sand dam, increasing filtration.
* Involvement of local people in the design of the project ensures that their participation continues.
===Costs===* In Vietnam, after trenches were completed farmers were discussing ways to access low-cost loans with long-time repaymentconditions so that they could replicate the technology. Access to finance therefore seems to be important in scaling up this technology.
* Cost of excavation in Vietnam was around 1,000 Euro per hectare.
* Materials: US$2.6/m3 or US$4,100/ha.
* Labour: 1.5m3 per person per day manual earth movement.
==Case Studies=Field experiences===
Experience from Vietnam showed that in 5 out of 7 shallow wells that were near the trenches with water tables of between 3 and 18 metres below ground level, showed an increase in water levels after rainfall events of over 60mm because of infiltration from the contour trenches. It seems that recharge of groundwater is not certain according to local sub-surface conditions – in Vietnam, water levels in 2 out of the 7 wells near the trenches were unaffected. This is probably due to certain geological layers blocking infiltration. So it is always a possibility that trenches will not affect water levels.
[http://web.archive.org/web/20151019103949/http://www.ektitli.org/2011/11/21/successful-water-conservation-in-awalkhed-village-nasik/ Successful Water Conservation in Awalkhed Village, Nasik.] ===Manuals, videos, and links===* Manual: [http://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/PRAMANA%202007%20The%20Design%20of%20Contour%20Trenches%20in%20Vietnam.pdf The Design of Contour Trenches in Vietnam] Copyright by Kharis Erasta Reza Pramana Delft, The Netherlands, October 2007. * Manual: [http://www.bebuffered.com/downloads/sussman_contour_trenches.pdf Design Manual: Contour Trenches] - Using the "A" frame and how to make a contour trench.
==References, videos, and links==* Large wiki on water use for agriculture: [http://wwwweb.googlearchive.comorg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCUQFjAA&url=/20151025174729/http%3A%2F%2Fcitg://agropedia.tudelftiitk.nl%2Ffileadmin%2FFaculteit%2FCiTG%2FOver_de_faculteit%2FAfdelingen%2FAfdeling_watermanagement%2FSecties%2Fwaterhuishouding%2FLeerstoelen%2FWaterbeheer%2Fonderzoek%2FProjects%2FMsc_Research%2FCompleted%2F500_2005-2009%2Fdoc%2FKERP_Master_Thesis_Reportac.pdf&ei=IqhzT5jaCavs2AWy66T1Dg&usg=AFQjCNEDhvxYmEh7FJHIudcrGjPZwcB13Q&sig2=Y0Zz_BdLBGu0PoFBSN6qLg The Design of Contour Trenches in Vietnam:80/ Agropedia] Copyright by Kharis Erasta Reza Pramana Delft, The Netherlands, October 2007.
===Acknowledgements===* CARE Nederland, Desk Study : [[Resilient WASH systems in drought -prone areas]]. October 2010.* Sussman, Daniel. [http://www.bebuffered.com/downloads/sussman_contour_trenches.pdf Design Manual: Contour Trenches]. Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara. 2007.* [http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/169828 Smart Water Harvesting Solutions: Examples of innovative, low cost technologies for rain, fog, and runoff water and groundwater.] (or [http://www.arcworld.org/downloads/smart%20water%20harvesting.pdf alternative link]) Netherlands Water Partnership, Aqua for All, Agromisa, et al. 2007.